Adrenal Stress Profile-ZRT Labs

Evaluates DHEA-S and four timed cortisol samples. Measuring cortisol at timed intervals reveals the status of stress response throughout the day. Saliva testing measures the free fraction of the cortisol which is unbound to protein and available to bind to receptors and initiate a response. Measuring DHEA-S allows us to evaluate adrenal reserve and healthy function. Cortisol and DHEA-S need to maintain a healthy ratio to keep our stress response balanced.

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that rises when we are under stress. Its primary job is to mobilize stored glucose to support the energy needed to respond to a stressor. DHEA-S balances the effects of cortisol.

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Organic Acid Test (OAT Test)

The Organic Acids Test is an accurate assessment of what is going on metabolically in the body:

* Organic acids are chemical compounds excreted in the urine that are products of metabolism.

* Evaluates for over 75 urinary metabolites that can be useful for discovering underlying causes of chronic illness or linked to various disorders.

* Treatment based on OAT findings often leads to improved energy, sleep and mental health conditions, as well as reduced attention and concentration problems, chronic pain, digestive problems and neurological disorders.

The Organic Acid Test is a comprehensive assessment for a wide variety of biomarkers related to yeast (candida) and bacteria toxicity – specifically clostridia bacteria. It also evaluates oxalate toxicity, as well as mitochondria function, and various markers for vitamin and neurotransmitter problems. The Organic Acid Test includes a section for amino acid metabolites which can detect inborn errors of metabolism. Overall, the Organic Acid Test is a foundational test that should be considered for anyone dealing with a chronic health problems.

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ZRT Cortisol Awakening Response Profile

The Cortisol Awakening Response Profile provides an assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to daily stressors through six timed salivary measurements of cortisol along with a single measurement of DHEA-S. The addition of the Cortisol Awakening Response allows us to assess our immediate response to a stressor. In this case, the stressor is waking from sleep. By measuring three timed cortisol values within the first hour of waking, we can easily see how well the body responds to an immediate stressor which reveals either a healthy response, a suppressed response or an elevated response. This additional data allows us to be more selective about the kind of support needed to restore healthy HPA axis function.

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ZRT Labs-Comprehensive Female Profile I

This is a combination saliva and blood spot test for women who would like to evaluate adrenal function, sex hormones and thyroid function. Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, DHEA-S and four timed cortisol measurements are taken in the saliva. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free T3, Free T4 and Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPOab) are measured in the blood spot.
This test is appropriate for women who want to get an overall evaluation of the interaction of three key endocrine glands – adrenals, thyroid and ovaries. Examining the hormonal output of each of these endocrine glands allows us to see the interaction and influence that these glands have on each other. Symptoms related to adrenal, thyroid or ovarian dysfunction can have a similar presentation so it is important to know where the dysfunction lies so that it can be addressed appropriately.

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ZRT Labs-Male/Female Salivary Profile #3

Saliva test that evaluates Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, DHEA-S and four timed cortisol measurements. Both men and women produce all the sex hormones – just in different ratios. Men are much higher in testosterone but still produce estradiol and progesterone which can balance and regulate testosterone. Women produce much less testosterone and more estrogen and progesterone in a cyclical pattern that regulates menstruation. The adrenal hormones of cortisol and DHEA-S are produced in both men and women and can be used to evaluate the health of our stress response system also referred to as the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis).

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ZRT Labs-Sleep Balance Profile

The ZRT Sleep Balance Profile provides a urinary measurement of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (MT6s) in relation to cortisol and cortisone and can reveal the cause of sleep disruption so that correct measures can be taken to restore a healthy sleep pattern. Quite often, difficulty falling asleep can be related to stress and elevated nighttime cortisol levels. Low nighttime melatonin is often the result of too much light and activity late into the evening. Lifestyle measures and proper sleep hygiene can change the ratio between cortisol and melatonin allowing for a more restorative night’s sleep.

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Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP), Serum, Tumor Marker

The most important application of AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein) testing in cancer management is for testicular cancer. Although not present in pure seminoma (testis cell tumor), elevated serum AFP is closely associated with nonseminomatous testicular cancer. AFP is not recommended as a screening procedure to detect cancer in the general population.

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Beta-2-Microglobulin

Increased amounts of beta-2-microglobulin are excreted in several renal disorders, e.g., Balkan nephropathy, heavy metal poisoning and renal tubular disease due to therapeutic agents. Serial levels of beta-2-microglobulin in serum and urine are used to evaluate transplant viability and anticipate rejection. Following a successful graft, serum levels decline toward normal. Increasing serum levels provide an early sign of rejection. Elevated levels are also noted in lymphproliferative disorders, neoplasms (malignant and benign), inflammatory disease, and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren’s disease.

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Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced in the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.

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Cancer Antigen (CA) 15-3

CA-125 is a protein present on the surface of most ovarian cancer cells. Testing for CA-125 is used to monitor treatment or detect recurrence of ovarian cancer. It is not typically used as a general screening test because levels can be elevated in other conditions such as normal menstruation, pregnancy, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. CA 125 can also be detected in other cancers such as pancreas, liver, colon, breast, endometrial, fallopian tube, gastrointestinal, and lung.

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Cancer Antigen (CA) 27.29

Cancer antigen 27.29 is a tumor marker associated with breast cancer. It’s used for staging breast cancer and monitoring its treatment. CA 27-29 levels can also be elevated by cancers of the colon, stomach, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, uterus, and liver as well as first trimester pregnancy, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, benign breast disease, kidney disease, and liver disease.

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Carbohydrate Antigen (CA) 19-9

CA 19-9 is elevated in about 70% of people with advanced pancreatic cancer, but it may also be elevated in other cancers, conditions, and diseases such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct obstruction (e.g., gallstones), pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and liver disease.

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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

A protein normally found in the tissue of a developing baby in the womb. CEA blood level disappears or becomes very low after birth. Increased CEA levels have been detected with primary colorectal cancer and in patients with other cancers such as medullary thyroid carcinoma, breast cancer, cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, liver cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. Elevated levels can also be caused by infection, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease. CEA levels provide important information about client prognosis, recurrence of tumors after surgical removal, and effectiveness of therapy.

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CBC (includes Differential And Platelets)

A complete blood count is used as a screening test for various disease states including anemia, leukemia and inflammatory processes. The blood differential test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cells you may have in your blood. It also reveals if there are any abnormal or immature cells. If abnormal cells are noted on a manual review, or if the automated differential information meets specific criteria, a full manual differential will be performed.

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CBC (includes Differential and Platelets) with Smear Review

This test is typically ordered as a follow-up test to a previous CBC if any of the blood cell counts are abnormal. A blood smear is used to identify some conditions that may affect blood cells, such as anemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, bone marrow disorders and leukemia. It is also used to check the status of treatment for those disorders/diseases.

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Chromogranin A (CgA)

Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein found in and released from neuroendocrine cells. The Chromogranin A test is used as a tumor marker. It may be ordered in combination with or in place of serotonin to help as an aid to diagnose carcinoid syndrome. Measurement of Chromogranin A is also useful as a tumor marker for adrenal tumors as well as small cell lung carcinoma.

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Coenzyme Q10, Total

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is necessary for the basic functioning of cells and is essential for production of cell energy. CoQ10 deficiency has been associated with conditions such as Cancer, Diabetes, Heart conditions, HIV/AIDS, Mitochondrial disease, Muscular dystrophies, and Parkinson’s disease. It is also thought to act as an antioxidant and be involved with optimum muscle and nerve function. New research suggests that it may have uses in helping a variety of chronic conditions including migraines, Parkinson’s, and high blood pressure. Studies demonstrate the effectiveness of supplemental coenzyme Q10 in cardiomyopathy, myocardial dysfunction, and congestive heart failure. CoQ10 is also a powerful antioxidant like vitamins E and C, and thus serves the role of neutralizing excess free radicals. It is now well established that the control of excessive free radical activity is key in preventing/delaying the progression of degenerative diseases.

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ColoVantage® (Methylated Septin 9)

Methylated Septin9 DNA has been associated with the occurrence of CRC, in plasma obtained from whole-blood specimens. It is indicated for use in average-risk patients who have chosen not to undergo other screening methods, such as colonoscopy or stool-based tests. Methylated Septin 9 is a DNA marker associated with colorectal cancer.

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DNA Methylation; Whole Blood-Doctor’s Data Kit

Identification of SNPs that influence health and disease risk may improve clinical success and allow patients to optimize health and wellness.

The DNA Methylation Pathway Profile allows clinicians to screen their patients for a variety of genetic changes (single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) that may impact the function of important biochemical processes such as methionine metabolism, detoxification, hormone balance and Vitamin D function. The presence or absence of SNPs may modify disease risk. The risks may be reduced by lifestyle changes, and inefficient biochemical processes can be supported by diet and nutritional supplements to maximize the functions of metabolic pathways.

Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may influence health and rise for diseases facilitates clinical support for patients. The Doctor’s Data DNA Methylation Pathway Profile includes a variety of SNPs known to influence many aspects of health.

SNPs are DNA sequence variations that occur relatively frequently in the general population. They are different from disease mutations, which are very rare. Huntington’s disease is an example of a disease mutation – if you inherit the altered gene, the disease will develop. Certain SNPs may be associated with particular health conditions, but they are not known to directly cause disease. The majority of SNPs affect protein, enzyme or cell receptor structure and function.

SNPs may have subtle but true biological effects. Some SNPs have been correlated with health concerns or disease risk. Often several SNPs need to be present to alter metabolic or biochemical functions in the body. SNP activity and gene expression may often be modified by epigenetic factors (diet, lifestyle, nutrition, toxicant exposures). The effects of SNPs are often cumulative; the expression of a single SNP often depends on the presence or absence of other SNPS.

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Gastrin, Serum

Dietary supplements containing biotin may interfere in assays and may skew results to be either falsely high or falsely low. For patients receiving the recommended daily doses of biotin, draw samples at least 8 hours following the last biotin supplementation. For patients on mega-doses of biotin supplements, draw samples at least 72 hours following the last biotin supplementation.

Description: Gastrin is a hormone that regulates the production of acid in the stomach. It is produced by special cells called G-cells in the stomach during the digestive process. When there is food in the stomach, gastrin is released into the blood. Small amounts of gastrin may also be produced by the pancreas and possibly the intestines.

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Genomic SNP’s (Add-On Only to Methylation Panel)-Genova Kit

The Methylation Panel is an innovative test designed to offer insight into the critical biochemical methylation pathway. Methylation metabolites are measured in plasma, and genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are analyzed via buccal swab. The results are synthesized on a front-page Interpretation-at-a-Glance (IAAG) graphic for quick methylation status assessment. Within the report, results are shown in a methylation pathway graphic to provide a clear understanding of the biochemistry involved.

Methylation is a chemical process that happens billions of times per second in every cell of the body. Methyl groups are transferred and donated between many different molecules which change their structure and function. Methyl groups act like billions of switches which turn genes on or off, help regulate mood, detoxify hormones, produce energy, and promote healthy aging.

Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids from the diet are needed to keep this process running smoothly. There are also genetic factors and oxidative stressors which can affect how well this pathway works.

Methylation is needed to create DNA and RNA and regulate gene expression. It helps make creatine, which is needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Methylation is involved in basic energy production, fat metabolism, immune responses, vascular health, and cell membrane repair. It produces and metabolizes neurotransmitters to regulate mood. Methylation also works to neutralize toxins and hormones.

Methylation defects have been associated with many clinical conditions including, but not limited to cancer, autism, ADHD, congenital and neural tube defects, cognitive decline, depression, cardiovascular disease, and schizophrenia.

Analytes are measured utilizing Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) except for glutathione which is a colorimetric assay developed for an automated chemistry platform. The genetic SNPs are assessed via pyrosequencing.

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Glucagon

Glucagon helps your liver break down the food you eat to make glucose. Glucagon works with your liver to turn a type of stored sugar called glycogen into glucose. Glucose goes from your liver into your blood to give you energy. Glucagon can tell your liver not to take in too much glucose from the food you eat and to release stored sugar into your blood instead. This can keep your glucose levels steady.

If your blood sugar dips too low, your pancreas releases glucagon to tell your liver to make more glucose.

Glucagon measurement is useful primarily when considering a glucagon-secreting tumor of the pancreas. Glucagon is also used to diagnose glucagon deficiency in patients with hypoglycemia.

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Glutathione, Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant and important intracellular antioxidant. GSH in erythrocytes is an indicator of intracellular GSH status, the overall health of cells and of the ability to endure toxic challenges. It is involved in many biological processes including detoxification of xenobiotics, removal of oxygen-reactive species, regulation of the redox state of cells and the oxidative state of important protein sulfhydryl groups, and regulation of immune function.

Low levels of GSH have been reported in cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, autism, alcoholism, and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It has also been associated with chronic retention of many potential toxic elements, chemicals and some drugs.

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Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

It is a protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells (leukocytes, often lymphocytes) that are responsible for immunity. IL-2 is part of the body’s natural response to microbial infection, and in discriminating between foreign (“non-self”) and “self”.

A substance that our bodies naturally produce which can improve the body’s natural response to infection and disease that enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells.

Clinical Significance: IL-2 is a protein cytokine produced primarily by T-helper lymphocytes in response to infection. IL-2 signals T cell proliferation and antibody secretion by B cells. IL-2 therapy is approved for treatment of certain types of cancer and is being studied for treatment of other medical conditions.

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Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body’s natural response to infection and disease) that enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells.

IL-4 has an important role in regulating antibody production, blood formation and inflammation, and the development of effector T-cell responses. This cytokine can elicit many responses, some of which are associated with allergy and asthma. Therapeutic strategies targeting IL-4 and its signaling pathways are currently being tested to treat allergy and asthma.

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Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Serum

A substance that our bodies naturally produce which can improve the body’s natural response to infection and disease that enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells.

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Lysozyme (Muramidase)

Serum lysozyme has been shown to be elevated in a number of conditions, including tuberculosis and sarcoidosis as well as leukemia.

Lysozyme in the serum is primarily due to the degradation of granulocytes and monocytes and its concentration reflects the turnover of these cells. Increases are seen in benign and malignant processes. Serum lysozyme is elevated in patients with acute or chronic granulocytic or monocytic leukemias and levels decrease with successful treatment. Conversely, patients with lymphocytic leukemia may have depressed plasma lysozyme levels.

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Metanephrines, Fractionated, Free, LC/MS/MS, Plasma

This test can help diagnose or rule out an adrenal tumor called a pheochromocytoma or a rare extra-adrenal tumor, paraganglioma. These type of tumors produce excess hormones called catecholamines, which are broken down to metanephrines.

Normetanephrine (NM) and metanephrine (MN) are the extra-neuronal catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) metabolites of the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively. Measurement of plasma metanephrines is more sensitive (but may be less specific) than measurement of catecholamines for the detection of pheochromocytoma. Proper interpretation of results requires awareness of recent medication/drug history (e.g., antyhypertensive agents, alcohol, cocaine) and other pre-analytical factors (e.g., stress, severe congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction) that influence release of catecholamines and metanephrines.

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Metanephrines, Fractionated, LC/MS/MS, Random Urine

Metanephrines are the inactive metabolites of the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. The primary catecholamines are dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine. These hormones are released into the bloodstream in response to physical or emotional stress. Some symptoms of catecholamine release include headaches, palpitations, sweating, nausea, anxiety, and tingling in the extremities.

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Metanephrines, Fractionated, Quantitative, 24-Hour Urine

Foods such as coffee (including decaf), tea, chocolate, vanilla, bananas, oranges and other citrus fruits should be avoided for several days prior to the test and during collection. There are also many medications that can potentially affect test results. Talk to your doctor about any prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs and supplements that you are taking. Wherever possible, those that are known to interfere should be discontinued prior to and during sample collection. Emotional and physical stresses and vigorous exercise should be minimized prior to and during test collection as they can increase catecholamine secretion.

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Methylation Panel-Genova Kit

The Methylation Panel is an innovative test designed to offer insight into the critical biochemical methylation pathway. Methylation metabolites are measured in plasma. Methylation is a chemical process that happens billions of times per second in every cell of the body. Methyl groups are transferred and donated between many different molecules which change their structure and function. Methyl groups act like billions of switches which turn genes on or off, help regulate mood, detoxify hormones, produce energy, and promote healthy aging.

Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids from the diet are needed to keep this process running smoothly. There are also genetic factors and oxidative stressors which can affect how well this pathway works.

Methylation is needed to create DNA and RNA and regulate gene expression. It helps make creatine, which is needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Methylation is involved in basic energy production, fat metabolism, immune responses, vascular health, and cell membrane repair. It produces and metabolizes neurotransmitters to regulate mood. Methylation also works to neutralize toxins and hormones.

Methylation defects have been associated with many clinical conditions including, but not limited to cancer, autism, ADHD, congenital and neural tube defects, cognitive decline, depression, cardiovascular disease, and schizophrenia.

Analytes are measured utilizing Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) except for glutathione which is a colorimetric assay developed for an automated chemistry platform.

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Methylation Profile-Doctor’s Data Kit

Methylation is a process by which a gene’s behavior is altered, but the gene itself isn’t changed. It requires Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid to convert nutrients from food to energy. If the process is blocked, through stress, viruses, toxins, etc., Glutathione cannot be created. Glutathione detoxifies the body, among other body processes.

Normal methionine metabolism is absolutely critical for folate-dependent transmethylation, and transsulfuration. Abnormal metabolism of methionine can be found in both genders at any age. It is usually associated with genetic or nutritional deficiencies, aging and exposures to environmental toxins. For example, lead can impair methylation via inhibition of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).

Conditions associated with untreated, aberrant methionine metabolism include, but are not limited to:

Abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Neurodegenerative diseases
Autism
Dysregulation of nitric acid homeostasis
Oxidative stress
Global under-methylation, synthesis and repair of DNA
Immune dysregulation/autoimmunity
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Congenital heart disease and birth defects
Impaired endogenous detoxification processes
Increased risk for Down syndrome

The DDI Methylation profile evaluates the plasma levels of methionine, cysteine, SAM, SAH, Hcy and cystathionine, and provides the important “methylation index,” a ratio of SAM to SAH. The test results can appropriately guide nutritional support to improve or normalize methionine metabolism and meliorate or prevent the potential adverse consequences associated with inadequate methylation and transsulfuration capacity.

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Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE)

Detection of NSE with antibodies can be used to identify neuronal cells and cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. NSE is produced by small cell carcinomas which are neuroendocrine in origin. NSE is therefore a useful tumor marker for lung cancer patients. Patients with neuroblastomas may also have high levels of NSE. Serum NSE can be used to monitor recurrence or progression of tumor in these cancer patients.

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Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP), Serum

The PAP test is a blood test that measures prostatic acid phosphatase (an enzyme found in men, primarily in the prostate gland and semen) to determine the health of the prostate gland. Prostate dysfunction results in the release of PAP into the blood. This test is most often performed to determine whether you have prostate cancer, an abnormality of the prostate gland, or to follow the response of prostate cancer to treatment.

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PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

The prostate specific antigen (PSA), is a protein made only in the prostate gland. PSA is produced by normal, abnormal and cancerous prostatic tissue. The PSA blood test is an accurate measure of this amount. The theory is that cancer causes more of the protein to be made and leaked into the blood than normal prostate tissue, so PSA is now used for assisting in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma.

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PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) Free And Total

Most PSA tests measure “total PSA,” or the amount that is bound to blood proteins. The FDA has approved the Tandem R test, which measures not only total PSA but another component called “free PSA,” which floats unbound in the blood. Comparing the two helps doctors rule out cancer in men whose PSA is mildly elevated from other causes. A 1995 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that the free PSA test can reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies by 20 percent in patients with a PSA between 4 and 10.

Elevated levels of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) have been associated with benign and malignant prostatic disorders. Studies indicate that in men 50 years or older measurement of PSA is a useful addition to the digital rectal exam in the early detection of prostate cancer. In addition, PSA decreases to undetectable levels following complete resection of the tumor and may rise again with recurrent disease or persist with residual disease. Thus, PSA levels may be of assistance in the management of prostate cancer patients.

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Serotonin, Serum

Serotonin is produced by cells of the APUD system, including the enterochromaffin (Kulchitsky) cells distributed through the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Most serotonin in blood is usually concentrated in platelets, which release it during blood coagulation. Serotonin may be measured to confirm the diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome. The carcinoid syndrome is usually caused by primary carcinoids of the ileum, but the syndrome is occasionally caused by primary carcinoids of the stomach. Other organs give rise to carcinoids including pancreas, duodenum, bronchus, and ovary. Most patients with the carcinoid syndrome have hepatic metastases.

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Tumor Necrosis Factor-a

One of multiple proteins capable of inducing necrosis (death) of tumor cells that possess a wide range of proinflammatory actions. Abbreviated TNF. TNF is a multifunctional cytokine with effects on lipid metabolism, coagulation, insulin resistance, and the function of endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Drugs that block the action of TNF have been shown to be beneficial in reducing the inflammation in inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

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15 Mold Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

Airborne exposure to molds has been known to cause allergic symptoms in sensitive individuals, including coughing, sneezing, asthma, and skin rashes.

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21/20 Molds Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

This panel tests for 21/20 molds that might cause associated health problems. It measures changes in size and volume of white blood cells in response to challenges with molds. This is a tolerance test, not an allergy test.

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40 Preservatives/Expanded Additives Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Intolerance testing of 40 Preservatives/Expanded Additives.

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48 Inhalant Panel IgG (Blood Spot)-US BioTek Kit

Spores and pollens from trees, grasses, mold, dust, and others can produce symptoms that range from minor to severe in affected individuals. Our inhalant panels assess IgG antibody response to 48 common allergens, providing helpful information for effective management of airborne sensitivities.

Specimens are tested in duplicate on ELISA platform. U S BioTek follows a diligent process to extract the key component from each analyte to ensure the antibody present in the patients’ serum will bind to it, and validate with positive and negative controls. The IgG antibodies, once bound to antigen, are detected through spectrophotometric analysis wherein the values are directly proportional to the concentration of the analytes in the sample.

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Aflatoxin Group, urine-RealTime Labs Kit

Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus. Mycotoxins (literally Mold-Poisons) are small molecules produced by organisms of the fungi kingdom, commonly known as molds that are toxic to humans and other animals. There are hundreds that have been identified, but a much smaller number that are associated with indoor molds, and therefore potentially human health problems.

Mycotoxins have the potential for both acute and chronic health effects via ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation. These toxins can enter the blood stream and lymphatic system; they inhibit protein synthesis, damage macrophage systems, inhibit particle clearance of the lung, and increase sensitivity to bacterial endotoxins.

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Allergy Mold Panel, Complete

Bodies of people with allergies produce antibodies against common environmental substances that create allergy symptoms. The antibodies produce histamine which causes an allergic response. Although the reaction is based on a healthy bodily function designed to protect us from toxins in the environment, many allergies cause extreme suffering due to sneezing, congestion and sinus headaches. Allergic rhinitis, red, itchy eyes and asthma can severely limit and restrict one’s lifestyle. Mold spores frequently become airborne, and like pollen, can cause allergic disease. When the body experiences sensitivity or an allergy to a substance it produces antibodies that are specific to the allergen, called Immunoglobulin E (IgE) which can be measured in the blood.

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Aluminum, Whole Blood

Aluminum has been found as a cause of encephalopathy in patients undergoing prolonged hemodialysis for renal failure. Patients in renal failure lose the ability to filter and excrete aluminum which consequently accumulates in the blood and eventually in the brain and in bone.

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Antibody Assessment Full Combo (Foods, Inhalants, Molds, Spices and Celiac)-Genova Kit

Genova offers a full line of serum allergy testing and assessment including IgG/IgE Foods, Inhalants, Molds, and Spices. Symptoms such as Migraines, aching joints, fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and others have been linked to food sensitivity and environmental allergies.

• IgG Food Antibodies is an ELISA test that provides insight into delayed reactions/sensitivities to specific foods. Additionally, the IgG Food Antibody Assessment includes information on implementing an Elimination Diet based on the client test results.
• IgE Food Antibodies Profile analyzes serum levels of total IgE antibodies for 19 combined foods and total IgE.
• IgE Inhalants is a chemiluminescent test to evaluate serum IgE antibody levels to 14 region specific common pollens and environmental inhalants. It is an ideal test for patients with suspected environmental and/or seasonal allergies.
• IgE Mold is a chemiluminescent test to evaluate serum IgE antibody levels to 15 molds. It is an ideal test for patients with suspected environmental allergies specific to molds.
• IgG Spices utilizes ELISA technology to evaluate serum for levels of IgG and total IgE antibodies for 24 frequently used culinary herbs and spices. It is an ideal test for patients with suspected
  intolerance to spices and herbs.

Please see individual tests for analytes tested information.

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Antimony (Blood)

Antimony is a silvery white metal that is used in alloys for lead batteries, solder, sheet metal, bearings, castings, ammunition, and pewter. It is also used for pigments, abrasives, flame-proofing fabrics, and in medications. Antimony typically enters the environment during mining, processing of ores, emissions from coal-burning power plants, and production of alloys. Exposure to antimony can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact with soil, water, foods, or medications that contain it. In the workplace, exposure is usually via inhalation.

The effects of acute or chronic antimony poisoning are similar to arsenic and include abdominal pain, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, dermatitis, and visual disturbances. Additionally, toxicity can include pneumoconiosis, and altered electrocardiograms.

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Cadmium, Blood

Cadmium is a naturally occurring element that is mined and used in industrial production because of its durability. Excessive cadmium exposure can damage lungs, kidneys, and the digestive tract.

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Carbon Monoxide, Blood (Carboxyhemoglobin)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that’s both odorless and colorless. We are exposed to small amounts of carbon monoxide regularly. However, inhaling too much of it can cause CO poisoning.When that happens, your body replaces the oxygen in your red blood cells with carbon monoxide. This can lead to serious tissue damage, or even death. The most common symptoms of CO poisoning are dull headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, dizziness, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness.

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Cholinesterase, Plasma

Approximately 1 in every 2500 individuals has inherited a defective enzyme or a deficiency of the enzyme (Pseudocholinesterase) that metabolizes succinylcholine (an anesthetic agent). With a “normal” dosage, these individuals have prolonged apnea. Such individuals are responsive at much smaller concentrations of this anesthetic agent than the general population. Low concentrations of Pseudocholinesterase are observed in individuals exposed to organophosphorous insecticides and in patients with hepatic dysfunction.

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Cholinesterase, Plasma and RBC

Two types of cholinesterase are found in blood:
1. ”True” Cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase)in red cells 2. ”Pseudocholinesterase” (acylcholine acylhydrolase) in serum (plasma).

Cholinesterase testing has two main uses:
1. Can be used to detect organophosphate pesticide exposure and/or poisoning.
2. Can be used several days prior to a surgical procedure to determine if someone with a history of or family history of post-operative paralysis following the use of succinylcholine, a common muscle relaxant used for anesthesia, is at risk of having this reaction.

True cholinesterase (RBC and plasma) activity is decreased in individuals with exposure to organophosphorous insecticides. True cholinesterase, found in erythrocytes and nerve tissue, is responsible for inactivating acetylcholinesterase at nerve endings. With decreased enzyme activity, patients may display a range of nervous system dysfunction. Analysis of RBC and serum or plasma activity is useful in monitoring exposure and recovery.

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Cholinesterase, Serum

Approximately 1 in every 2500 individuals has inherited a defective enzyme or a deficiency of the enzyme (Pseudocholinesterase) that metabolizes succinylcholine (an anesthetic agent). With a “normal” dosage, these individuals have prolonged apnea. Such individuals are responsive at much smaller concentrations of this anesthetic agent than the general population. Low concentrations of Pseudocholinesterase are observed in individuals exposed to organophosphorous insecticides and in patients with hepatic dysfunction.

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Comprehensive Blood Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Whole blood metals are the standard for diagnosis of lead, mercury or other metal toxicity or poisoning, and are also used to assess recent or ongoing exposure to potentially toxic elements. Serum elements are used to assess the status of key elements and electrolytes that have important functions in the extracellular fluid compartment of blood.

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Comprehensive Drinking Water Analysis

Environmental toxins have permeated all aspects of our lives – the air we breathe, the food we eat, the products we use in our daily lives and the water we drink and used in cooking and bathing.

Testing for exposures can be assessed through the Doctor’s Data Toxic Elements Profiles and Great Plains Laboratory EnviroTox Test. The next step is looking for where those exposures are coming from.

The Comprehensive Drinking Water Analysis from Doctor’s Data is a simple way to test the water that comes into our homes. This test screens for primary and secondary metals, fluoride and pH and compares them to ranges that are acceptable by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Primary Drinking Water Standards have been established by the EPA for those metals that have known or suspected health effects. Water that contains primary metals in concentrations above the EPA’s maximum contaminant limit poses a potentially serious health threat.

Secondary Drinking Water Standards are unenforceable federal guidelines regarding taste, odor, color and certain other non-aesthetic effects of drinking water. Individual states may adopt their own drinking water regulations for these metals.

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Enviro-Tox (Great Plains Lab)

Every day, we are exposed to hundreds of toxic chemicals through products like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, packaged foods, household products, and environmental pollution. As we have become more exposed to chemical-laden products and to toxic chemicals in food, air, and water, we have been confronted with an accelerating rate of chronic illnesses like cancer, heart disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, chemical sensitivity, autism spectrum disorders, ADD/AD(H)D, autoimmune disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Because exposure to environmental pollutants has been linked to many chronic diseases, The Great Plains Laboratory has created GPL-TOX, a toxic non-metal chemical profile that screens for the presence of 172 different toxic chemicals including organophosphate pesticides, phthalates, benzene, xylene, vinyl chloride, pyrethroid insecticides, acrylamide, perchlorate, diphenyl phosphate, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, and more. This profile also includes Tiglylglycine (TG), a marker for mitochondrial disorders resulting from mutations of mitochondrial DNA. These mutations can be caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, infections, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies.

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Fecal Metals

Fecal Metals–Fecal elemental analysis provides a direct indication of dietary exposure to toxic metals and indirect information about the potential for toxic metal burden. Chronic, low-level assimilation of toxic metals can result in accumulation in the body. For many toxic metals, fecal (biliary) excretion is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. Specimen collection is convenient for the client and only requires a single-step procedure. Elements are measured by ICP-MS and expressed on a dry weight basis to eliminate variability related to water content of the specimen.

Analysis of elements in feces provides a comprehensive evaluation of environmental exposure, potential for accumulation in the body (Hg), and possibly endogenous detoxification of potentially toxic metals. For many toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, antimony and uranium, biliary excretion into the feces is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. The primary process by which the body eliminates the insidious sulfhydryl reactive metals is through the formation of metal-glutathione complexes, of which greater than 90% are excreted into the bile. Evidence for the extent of exposure to mercury from dental amalgams is provided by the fact that fecal mercury levels are highly correlated with the number of amalgams in the mouth. It also clear that fecal mercury levels for people with dental amalgams are remarkably similar from day to day, and approximately ten times higher than in people who do not have mercury amalgams.

The fecal metals test was not developed to replace the pre- and post-urinary toxic metals provocation test, but rather provides an alternative for infants, children or adults for whom urine collection is problematic, or for individuals who do not tolerate the available pharmaceutical metal detoxification agents. Elements are measured by ICP-MS and expressed on a dry weight basis to eliminate variability related to water content of the specimen.

This test is useful for
-Dietary Exposure to Toxic Elements
-Mercury Exposure from Dental Amalgams

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Glyphosate Test

Glyphosate is the most common chemical used in pesticides worldwide. It is the compound found in the most common commercial product called Roundup and is being linked to a wide variety of health problems. As a single test or add-on assessment to the GPL-TOX Panel it provides information about exposure to Glyphosate as a toxic compound.

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GPL-3 DBS

Buying multiple test kits? Save big when you package them! The GPL-3 is a package of test kits that includes the Organic Acids Test (OAT), the Food Allergy test (Food IgG) and the Metals Hair Test kit.

This innovative and valuable panel by the Great Plains Laboratory (GPL) provides an excellent and accurate description of the client’s overall health in regards to their metabolism, vitamins and mineral levels, food allergies and metal toxicity. Testing for organic acids, IgG’s, food allergies and metals is crucial to detect any malfunctioning within the body.

With the GPL3 panel, no blood draw is required. Included in the panel are:

ORGANIC ACIDS TEST
The Organic Acids Test (OAT) provides a metabolic “snapshot” based on the products the body discards through the urine. These small, discarded organic acid molecules are byproducts of human cellular activity, the digestion of foods, and the metabolism of gastrointestinal flora. The Organic Acids Test includes 74 urinary metabolites, including 9 yeast markers, 8 bacterial markers, 3 oxalate markers, 3 Glycolytic cycle markers, 6 Krebs cycle markers, 7 eurotransmitter markers, 1 folate metabolism markers, 8 fatty acid oxidation markers, 8 vitamin markers, 3 indicators of detoxification, 14 Amino Acid metabolites and 1 bone metabolite. This makes it the most comprehensive Organic Acids test available anywhere.

IGG DRIED BLOOD SPOT – FOOD ALLERGIES
IgG (immunoglobulin G) testing is a useful guide for structuring elimination diets in many chronic conditions. Individuals with neurological, gastrointestinal, and movement disorders often suffer from IgG food allergies. IgG Food allergies do not usually release histamine but cause inflamation and elevated C-reactive protein. The 93 foods tested in the IgG Food Allergy Test w/ Candida can identify problem foods so they can be eliminated from the client’s diet.

METALS HAIR
The metals test is important for measuring toxic metals that can impede development and normal brain functioning, as well as measuring levels of minerals essential for normal growth and good health. The results indicate levels of 39 toxic and essential elements, 5 ratios and includes an individualized interpretation.

Today, with increasing pollution levels, the presence of toxic metals in the environment is constantly growing. Chemical products, fertilizers, industrial paint, building materials, fish, silver dental fillings, and vaccines are just some of the sources of heavy metals in everyday life. Toxic metals may normally be present in the body in very low levels, but continuous exposure or metabolic abnormalities can cause accumulation of heavy metals in body tissues, and subsequently, in the brain.

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GPL-4 DBS

The value of the GPL4 panel comes from the superior and comprehensive analysis it provides from a single urine sample and 3 blood tube samples testing for organic acids, vitamins and mineral levels, food allergies, metal toxicity and inflammation. The GPL4 panel provides an excellent assessment of an individual’s metabolism and is targeted to find any irregularities that are directly related to numerous conditions.

Included in the GPL4 panel are:

ORGANIC ACIDS TEST
The Organic Acids Test (OAT) provides a metabolic “snapshot” based on the products the body discards through the urine. These small, discarded organic acid molecules are byproducts of human cellular activity, the digestion of foods, and the metabolism of gastrointestinal flora. The Organic Acids Test includes 74 urinary metabolites, including 9 yeast markers, 8 bacterial markers, 3 oxalate marker, 3 Glycolytic cycle markers, 6 Krebs cycle markers, 7 neurotransmitter markers, 1 folate metabolism markers, 8 fatty acid oxidation markers, 8 vitamin markers, 3 indicators of detoxification, 14 amino acid metabolites and 1 bone metabolite. This makes it the most comprehensive Organic Acids test available anywhere.

IGG DRIED BLOOD SPOT – FOOD ALLERGIES

IgG (immunoglobulin G) testing is a useful guide for structuring elimination diets in many chronic conditions. Individuals with neurological, gastrointestinal, and movement disorders often suffer from IgG food allergies. IgG Food allergies do not usually release histamine but cause inflamation and elevated C-reactive protein. The 93 foods tested in the IgG Food Allergy Test w/ Candida can identify problem foods so they can be eliminated from the client’s diet.

METALS HAIR

The metals test is important for measuring toxic metals that can impede development and normal brain functioning, as well as measuring levels of minerals essential for normal growth and good health. The results indicate levels of 39 toxic and essential elements, 5 ratios and includes an individualized interpretation.

Today, with increasing pollution levels, the presence of toxic metals in the environment is constantly growing. Chemical products, fertilizers, industrial paint, building materials, fish, silver dental fillings, and vaccines are just some of the sources of heavy metals in everyday life. Toxic metals may normally be present in the body in very low levels, but continuous exposure or metabolic abnormalities can cause accumulation of heavy metals in body tissues, and subsequently, in the brain.

PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 ACTIVITY TEST

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the key biochemical factors produced in the inflammatory response. It is commonly found in human tissues, as well as insect and snake venom. In infections, PLA2 can break down the phospholipids in the membranes of bacteria, fungi, and parasites leading to their death. However, inflammation, like many other biological processes often has negative effects. The same phospholipase that attacks infectious agents may also attack the cell membranes of the human host, damaging or killing those cells. In addition to PLA2 causing local cell damage, it may be transported by the blood vessels to other parts of the body, causing widespread tissue damage.

Studies have linked an increase in PLA2 activity with a variety of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis, allergies, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, lung, prostate, small intestine, and large intestine cancers, (with increased susceptibility to metastases), Candida infection, asthma, autism, chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder (COPD), and sepsis.

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Hair Elements

The Hair Elements profile from Doctor’s Data evaluates for the presence of toxic heavy metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, etc. It also provides an assessment for mineral levels as well. This test is useful for anyone looking to assess past exposure to heavy metals. Doctors often use this test to screen for heavy metal exposure, and correlated mineral imbalances that are suggestive of heavy metal toxicity.

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Metals Hair Test

Heavy metals toxicity caused by increasing levels of pollution and use of chemicals in industry is a growing threat to our health and development of our children. High levels of toxic metals deposited in body tissues and subsequently in the brain, may cause significant developmental and neurological damage.

A Metals Hair Test is ideal for checking current exposure to toxic metals. Hair provides important information that can assist the practitioner with an early diagnosis of physiological disorders associated with aberrations in essential and toxic element metabolism.

WHY CHOOSE A METALS HAIR TEST
Extensive research established that scalp hair element levels are related to human systemic levels. The strength of this relationship varies for specific elements, and many researchers consider hair as the tissue of choice for toxic and several nutrient elements. Unlike blood, hair element levels are not regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. Thus, deviations in hair element levels often appear prior to overt symptoms and can thereby be a valuable preliminary tool for predicting the development of physiological abnormalities.

Hair element analysis provides important information which, in conjunction with symptoms and other laboratory values, can assist the physician with an early diagnosis of physiological disorders associated with aberrations in essential and toxic element metabolism.

As protein is synthesized in the hair follicle, elements are incorporated permanently into the hair with no further exchange with other tissues. Scalp hair is easy to sample, and because it grows an average of one to two cm per month, it contains a “temporal record” of element metabolism and exposure to toxic elements.

Nutrient elements including magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper and selenium are obligatory co-factors for hundreds of important enzymes and also are essential for the normal functions of vitamins. The levels of these elements in hair are correlated with levels in organs and other tissues.

Toxic elements may be 200-300 times more highly concentrated in hair than in blood or urine. Therefore, hair is the tissue of choice for detection of recent exposure to elements such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, lead, antimony, and mercury. The CDC acknowledges the value of hair mercury levels as a maternal and infant marker for exposure to neurotoxic methylmercury from fish.

THE BENEFITS OF METALS TESTING
Determine if metal toxicity or mineral deficiency is contributing to the disorder
Monitor the effects of chelation (elimination of heavy metals from the body)
Identify if supplementation of important minerals may bring about significant improvements

SPECIMEN REQUIREMENTS
Hair (source head or pubic): 0.25 grams (approximately 1 tablespoon) of hair is the absolute minimum. 1 gram is preferred.

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Comprehensive Urine Elements-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Urine Elements Profile measures urinary flow of 15 nutrient elements and 20 toxic metals. These include “classic” toxins such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, as well as elements used in the medical, aerospace, nuclear and high-tech electronics industries. This is an ideal test for patients suspected of toxic metal exposure as well as potential nutrient mineral wasting.

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Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine.

The creatinine clearance test compares the creatinine level in a 24-hour urine sample with the creatinine level in your blood. This measures kidney function and helps estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the amount of blood cleaned by tiny kidney filters called glomeruli each minute.

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Creatinine Clearance-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Creatinine Clearance test is the most widely used test for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal function. GFR assessment is highly recommended for weighing the advisability of prescribing a variety of drugs, including chelating agents. The test requires a timed urine collection and a single serum specimen collected during the same time period.

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Creatinine Clearance-Doctor’s Data Kit

Identification of SNPs that influence health and disease risk may improve clinical success and allow patients to optimize health and wellness.

The DNA Methylation Pathway Profile allows clinicians to screen their patients for a variety of genetic changes (single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) that may impact the function of important biochemical processes such as methionine metabolism, detoxification, hormone balance and Vitamin D function. The presence or absence of SNPs may modify disease risk. The risks may be reduced by lifestyle changes, and inefficient biochemical processes can be supported by diet and nutritional supplements to maximize the functions of metabolic pathways.

Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may influence health and rise for diseases facilitates clinical support for patients. The Doctor’s Data DNA Methylation Pathway Profile includes a variety of SNPs known to influence many aspects of health.

SNPs are DNA sequence variations that occur relatively frequently in the general population. They are different from disease mutations, which are very rare. Huntington’s disease is an example of a disease mutation – if you inherit the altered gene, the disease will develop. Certain SNPs may be associated with particular health conditions, but they are not known to directly cause disease. The majority of SNPs affect protein, enzyme or cell receptor structure and function.

SNPs may have subtle but true biological effects. Some SNPs have been correlated with health concerns or disease risk. Often several SNPs need to be present to alter metabolic or biochemical functions in the body. SNP activity and gene expression may often be modified by epigenetic factors (diet, lifestyle, nutrition, toxicant exposures). The effects of SNPs are often cumulative; the expression of a single SNP often depends on the presence or absence of other SNPS.

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DNA Oxidative Damage; Urine-Doctor’s Data Kit

Oxidative stress is adversely involved in many pathophysiological processes, aging and cancer. Oxidation of DNA occurs readily at the guanosine bases, so measurement of 8-hydroxy-2′- Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine provides a quantitative assessment of ongoing oxidative damage or stress in the body. When 8-OHdG levels are elevated, it’s important to identify the sources of oxidative stress and assess the primary intracellular antioxidant glutathione. Taking steps to reduce oxidative stress is valuable in optimizing health and longevity. This non-invasive test requires a single first morning void (FMV) urine collection.

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Elemental Analysis-Genova Kit

Elemental Analysis evaluates patients for recent toxic element exposure and assesses nutrient mineral status. This assessment allows clinicians to provide targeted treatment for patients by identifying and correcting toxic-element exposures and replenishing nutrient minerals.

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Environmental Pollutants (EPP) and Organic Acids (Dried Urine)-US BioTek Kit

Environmental Pollutants: Long-term exposure to many common chemicals in our environment is known or suspected to have serious health consequences. Our Environmental Pollutants Profile provides quantitative measurement of 14 select metabolites that can help define an individual’s toxic burden and provide valuable information for a targeted nutritional and detoxification intervention.

Comprehensive Urinary Metabolic Profile: Vitamin deficiencies and imbalances may produce a range of health issues, including fatigue, mood changes, digestive problems, and others. Our comprehensive urinary metabolic profile measures 36 organic acids to create a unique client biochemistry profile that reflects how well the body is obtaining and utilizing nutrients. A customized diet and lifestyle plan can then be established to address to specific nutritional needs.

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Environmental Pollutants (EPP) and Organic Acids (Dried Urine)-US BioTek Kit

Long-term exposure to many common chemicals in our environment is known or suspected to have serious health consequences. Our Environmental Pollutants Profile provides quantitative measurement of 14 select metabolites that can help define an individual’s toxic burden and provide valuable information for a targeted nutritional and detoxification intervention.

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Fluoride, Random Urine

Fluoride is a mineral which is important for developing healthy teeth and bones. Over exposure to fluoride can cause symptoms such as respiratory problems, stomach pains, and neurological problems. Over time, fluoride exposure can result in weakened bones and damage to the kidneys, thyroid, and brain. This test is usually ordered when someone is experiencing symptoms of fluoride exposure.

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GI Effects® Microbial Ecology Profile (One Day Collection)-Genova Kit

The GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile is the most comprehensive stool test that assesses the diverse gut microbiome. Results provide immediate, actionable clinical information for the management of detectable parasites, bacteria, and yeast, as well as providing valuable assessment of gut microbiota via 24 Commensal Bacteria targets.

The GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile is part of the larger GI Effects Comprehensive Stool Profile, which also provides information about digestion, inflammation, and bacterial metabolism markers. A larger fecal biomarker panel such as the GI Effects Comprehensive Stool Profile offers the advantage of assessing multiple functional areas that may be contributing to symptoms. For example, diarrhea could stem from multiple causes including pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, inflammation, food allergies, or the presence of a pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organism.

Patients with a clinical history suggestive of a gastrointestinal infection or dysbiosis can be evaluated with the GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile. Symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation may be a result of a microbial imbalance or infection. This profile can also be used to monitor treatment efficacy to eradicate an organism or to monitor changes to the microbiota.

Gut microbes are codependent with one another and with their human host, and the health of one affects the other. A sizeable volume of research associates a dysbiotic, or imbalanced gut microbiome with multiple disease states both within and outside of the GI tract. The microbiome’s diverse metabolic activities ultimately impact the human host, and the human hosts activities ultimately affect the microbiome’s health.

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Giardia, lamblia

Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia intestinalis, also known as Giardia lamblia. It is the most common cause of parasitic gastrointestinal disease; it is estimated that 20,000 cases of giardiasis occur each year in the U.S., and there is 20% to 30% prevalence in the world’s population.

Giardia lamblia exists in two forms, an active form called a trophozoite, and an inactive form called a cyst. The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a “sucker” and is responsible for causing the signs and symptoms of giardiasis. The trophozoite cannot live long outside of the body, therefore it cannot spread the infection to others. The inactive cyst, on the other hand, can exist for prolonged periods outside the body. When it is ingested, stomach acid activates the cyst, and the cyst develops into the disease-causing trophozoite. It takes ingestion of only ten cysts to cause infection. Trophozoites are important not only because they cause the symptoms of giardiasis, but also because they produce the cysts that exit the body in the feces and spread the infection to others.

Cysts of Giardia are present in the feces of infected persons. Thus, the infection is spread from person to person by contamination of food with feces, or by direct fecal-oral contamination. Cysts also survive in water, for example in fresh water lakes and streams. As a result, giardiasis is the most common cause of water-borne, parasitic illness in the U.S. Domestic mammals (for example, dogs, cats, calves) and wild mammals (for example, beavers) can become infected with Giardia; however, it is not clear how often domestic or wild mammals transmit giardiasis to humans. Giardiasis also has occurred as outbreaks from recreational water sources such as swimming pools, water parks, and hot tubs, most likely because of an infected user rather than a source of water that was contaminated.

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Gliotoxin Derivative-RealTime Labs Kit

Gliotoxin is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients (e.g. transplant, HIV, Cancer). Gliotoxin has been demonstrated to have significant immunosuppressive effects and may play a role in the evasion of host defenses in Invasive Aspergillosis. Aspergillus fumigatus is also commonly detected in the ERMI (Environmental Relative Moldiness Index) test on environmental samples taken from water-damaged buildings and homes. Using the Gliotoxin derivative ELISA test, RTL has demonstrated the presence of the Gliotoxin derivative in serum from patients with confirmed and presumptive Invasive Aspergillosis, environmental samples that were positive for Aspergillus fumigatus, and urine of patients that had tested positive for other mycotoxins in previous clinical screens.

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Glutathione, Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant and important intracellular antioxidant. GSH in erythrocytes is an indicator of intracellular GSH status, the overall health of cells and of the ability to endure toxic challenges. It is involved in many biological processes including detoxification of xenobiotics, removal of oxygen-reactive species, regulation of the redox state of cells and the oxidative state of important protein sulfhydryl groups, and regulation of immune function.

Low levels of GSH have been reported in cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, autism, alcoholism, and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It has also been associated with chronic retention of many potential toxic elements, chemicals and some drugs.

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H. Influenza B, IgG

This test is used to assess immunity against this particular flu. In infants and children this flu can cause meningitis and in adults, breathing tract infections.

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H. Pylori Antigen, Stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

This microorganism, which can be found on the stomach mucosa of infected people, causes very frequent and mostly silent infections that can produce gastritis, gastric ulcers and other serious pathologies. H. Pylori is known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and is very common, especially in developing countries. The strong correlation between the presence of H. pylori and histologically confirmed gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma, as well as disease resolution after H. pylori eradication, indicates a causative relationship.

The ecological niche in humans appears to be restricted to the stomach and duodenum. Patients who harbor the organism are divided into two basic groups: a) colonized and b) infected. Patients who test positive for H. pylori yet have no signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal disease are considered “colonized.” Patients who test positive for H. pylori and present with signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal disease are considered “infected.” The process by which a colonized individual becomes infected remains unclear. The process by which patients become colonized is also still under investigation.

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H. Pylori Stool (Add-On To GI Effects Only)-Genova Kit

Stool antigen tests have been recommended by both the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American College of Gastroenterologists (ACG) as the most accurate non-invasive tests for diagnosis and for confirmation of eradication.1,2 This method is highly sensitive and specific and useful for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and test of eradication.

Unlike stool antigen tests, Serology-based methods have a sensitivity and specificity of only 90% and cannot distinguish between active and resolved infection.3,4 Thus, serology tests are not recommended by the AGA for initial diagnosis of H pylori infection.4 Furthermore, they are not recommended by either the AGA or the ACG for monitoring infection or confirming eradication of the organism.

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Hair Toxic & Essential Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

With respect to its contained elements, hair is essentially an excretory tissue rather than a functional tissue. As protein is synthesized in the hair follicle, elements are incorporated permanently into the hair with no further exchange or equilibration with other tissues. Scalp hair is easy to sample, and because it grows an average of one to two cm per month, it contains a “temporal record” of element metabolism and exposure to toxic elements.

Nutrient elements including magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper and selenium are obligatory co-factors for hundreds of important enzymes and also are essential for the normal functions of vitamins. The levels of these elements in hair are correlated with levels in organs and other tissues.

Toxic elements may be 200 to 300 times more highly concentrated in hair than in blood or urine. Therefore, hair is the tissue of choice for detection of recent exposure to elements such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, lead, antimony and mercury. The CDC acknowledges the value of hair mercury levels as a maternal and infant marker for exposure to neurotoxic methylmercury from fish.

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Heavy Metals Panel, Blood/Urine

Heavy metals become toxic when they are not metabolized by the body and accumulate in the soft tissues. These metals may enter the body through food, water, air, or absorption through the skin. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long-term exposure may result in the physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Muscular Dystrophy, and Multiple Sclerosis.

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Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)-Immuno Labs Kit

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a curved bacillus (bacteria) which settles in the upper gastrointestinal tract and has been shown to be the main cause for most cases of chronic gastritis, duodenitis (inflammation of the first part of the small intestine), and ulcers. H. pylori is also linked with gastric carcinoma. IgG antibodies responsive to H. pylori are measured in the client’s serum sample.

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Hepatic Detox Profile-Doctor’s Data Kit

The production, use and disposal of toxic chemicals and synthetic materials have increased the risk of exposure to health-threatening toxins. Causal relationships between toxic chemicals and diseases have been well established. However many patients endure chronic symptoms that are associated with exposure to toxins before advanced stages of specific diseases are realized. One process by which the body eliminates toxins is enzymatic detoxification in the liver.

This test is especially important for symptomatic patients or those who have a history of chemical sensitivity, this test does not require the use of hepatotoxic compounds. This non-invasive test requires only a single, first morning void (FMV) urine collection. Results are expressed per unit creatinine to normalize for dilution effects, and reference ranges are age and gender specific. The test does not replace comprehensive liver tests for cases of advanced liver disease.

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IgE Food/Mold Panel-Immuno Labs Kit

Some individuals experience immediate (Type I) allergy symptoms when exposed to pollens, dust, animal dander and foods. Recently, more convenient blood tests have been developed to detect IgE specific for many allergens. Diagnosing specific allergies is the first step in a program of client health recovery.

This test detects serum IgE specific for airborne allergens and foods.

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IgE Inhalants Profile (14 IgE Inhalants + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

Genova Diagnostics’ IgE inhalants is an allergy test which evaluates serum IgE antibody levels region-specific common pollens and environmental inhalants. This is an ideal allergy test for patients with suspected environmental and/or seasonal allergies. Specifically, this allergy test evaluates 14 common environmental inhalants specific to 18 North American geographic regions and Total IgE.

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IgE Molds Profile (15 IgE Molds + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

Genova Diagnostics’ IgE Mold is an allergy test which evaluates serum IgE antibody levels to 15 molds. This is an ideal allergy test for patients with suspected environmental mold allergies. Specifically, this allergy test evaluates antibody levels to 14 common molds and Total IgE.

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Implant Metals Profile; Whole Blood-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Implant Metals Profile tests the circulating blood levels of the six metals that are most commonly associated with orthopedic and dental metal prostheses or implants. The metal debris may be associated with excessive physical wear or corrosion of the metal alloys. The greatest release of the metals occurs when prostheses entail metal-on-metal (M/M) bearing surfaces. Many studies have shown that the released metal debris may be associated with localized tissue damage to bone and soft tissue, sensitivity reactions, and remote adverse effects on normal physiological and biochemical functions. The reported blood metal levels should not be solely used to make conclusions regarding the integrity of metals prosthesis devices.

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International Hair Toxic & Essential Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit Plus Shipping Fee

With respect to its contained elements, hair is essentially an excretory tissue rather than a functional tissue. As protein is synthesized in the hair follicle, elements are incorporated permanently into the hair with no further exchange or equilibration with other tissues. Scalp hair is easy to sample, and because it grows an average of one to two cm per month, it contains a “temporal record” of element metabolism and exposure to toxic elements.

Nutrient elements including magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper and selenium are obligatory co-factors for hundreds of important enzymes and also are essential for the normal functions of vitamins. The levels of these elements in hair are correlated with levels in organs and other tissues.

Toxic elements may be 200 to 300 times more highly concentrated in hair than in blood or urine. Therefore, hair is the tissue of choice for detection of recent exposure to elements such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, lead, antimony and mercury. The CDC acknowledges the value of hair mercury levels as a maternal and infant marker for exposure to neurotoxic methylmercury from fish.

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Lead, Blood (Adult)

Lead is a soft metal present in the environment. When it is inhaled or ingested, lead can cause damage to the brain, organs, and nervous system. Even at low levels, it can cause irreversible damage without causing symptoms.

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Macroscopic Worm Identification-Doctor’s Data Kit

Signs and symptoms of parasitic infection vary from one individual to another. The more common signs and symptoms are: constipation, diarrhea, bloating, gas, symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, arthralgias, myalgias, anemia, increased allergic reactions, skin lesions, agitation and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, decreased energy, malnutrition and decreased immune function.

Infection can occur by four different pathways.

These routes include:

• Contaminated food or water
• Insect vectors
• Sexual contact
• Passage through the skin and nose

Most people are inclined to believe that parasitic infection is a rare and exotic occurrence, limited to those who have traveled to distant, tropical lands. However, there has been an increase in the incidence of parasitic infection in this country.

These may include:

• Contamination of the water supply
• Increased use of daycare centers
• Increased travel to, and visits from, countries where parasitic infection is endemic
• Household pets
• Consumption of exotic and uncooked foods
• Antibiotic use
• Changing sexual partners

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Manganese, RBC

Manganese is a very common compound that can be found everywhere on earth. Manganese is one out of three toxic essential trace elements, which means that it is not only necessary for humans to survive, but it is also toxic when too high concentrations are present in a human body. Manganese deficiency produces growth disorders, alters skeletal and cartilage formation and impairs reproduction. Industrial workers absorb manganese mainly through the lungs.

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Mercury, Blood

Mercury is a heavy metallic element and is the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures. Acute mercury poisoning causes a metallic taste, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney problems, and may lead to death.

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Methylation Profile-Doctor’s Data Kit

Methylation is a process by which a gene’s behavior is altered, but the gene itself isn’t changed. It requires Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid to convert nutrients from food to energy. If the process is blocked, through stress, viruses, toxins, etc., Glutathione cannot be created. Glutathione detoxifies the body, among other body processes.

Normal methionine metabolism is absolutely critical for folate-dependent transmethylation, and transsulfuration. Abnormal metabolism of methionine can be found in both genders at any age. It is usually associated with genetic or nutritional deficiencies, aging and exposures to environmental toxins. For example, lead can impair methylation via inhibition of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).

Conditions associated with untreated, aberrant methionine metabolism include, but are not limited to:

• Abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
• Neurodegenerative diseases
• Autism
• Dysregulation of nitric acid homeostasis
• Oxidative stress
• Global under-methylation, synthesis and repair of DNA
• Immune dysregulation/autoimmunity
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
• Congenital heart disease and birth defects
• Impaired endogenous detoxification processes
• Increased risk for Down syndrome

The DDI Methylation profile evaluates the plasma levels of methionine, cysteine, SAM, SAH, Hcy and cystathionine, and provides the important “methylation index,” a ratio of SAM to SAH. The test results can appropriately guide nutritional support to improve or normalize methionine metabolism and meliorate or prevent the potential adverse consequences associated with inadequate methylation and transsulfuration capacity.

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Microbiology Profile-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Microbiology profile includes comprehensive bacteriology and yeast cultures to identify the presence of beneficial flora, imbalanced flora including Clostridium species, and dysbiotic flora, as well as detection of infectious pathogens.

A good balance of beneficial microflora has been known to be associated with health benefits since the turn of the century.
The mechanisms by which these benefits are derived are not yet fully understood. However, research suggests that some of the beneficial effects may be due to the following activities of beneficial bacteria:

• Release of substances antagonistic to enteropathogenic microorganisms such as lactocidin, lactobicillin and acidolin
• Competition with pathogens for adhesion receptors
• Production of lactase
• Production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, propionate and acetate.

In a healthy balanced state of intestinal flora, the beneficial bacteria make up a significant proportion of the total microflora. However, in many individuals we see an imbalance of beneficial bacteria and an overgrowth of non-beneficial or even pathogenic microorganisms—dysbiosis. This can be due to a variety of factors including:

• Daily exposure to chemicals in drinking water that kill friendly bacteria
• The use of antibiotics
• Chronic consumption of highly processed foods (low in fiber, high in sugar)
• High stress levels

Infection with yeast species can cause a variety of symptoms, and in many cases, may escape suspicion as a pathogenic agent. Controversy remains as to the relationship between Candida infection and episodes of recurrent diarrhea. However, episodes of yeast infection after short-term and long-term antibiotic use have been identified in patients with both gastrointestinal and vaginal symptoms.

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Mycotoxin Panel, Total-RealTime Labs Kit

Mycotoxin Tests are performed for Tricothecenes, Ochratoxins, Aflatoxins and Gliotoxin. Anyone in contact with mold exposure or with prolonged symptoms of exposure should be tested for mycotoxins.

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Nutrient & Toxic Elements (Blood)-Genova Kit

Erythrocyte and whole blood toxic element levels are good indicators of body pools of essential elements as well as the toxic elements aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead,* and mercury. The Genova Diagnostics Nutrient and Toxic Elements Profile is an especially accurate way of determining whole body status of potassium and selenium.

Whole Blood generally reflects increased or recent exposure to toxic elements. The Genova Diagnostics Toxic Metals Profile shows levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury.

Nutrient elements are measured in erythrocytes and toxic elements are measured in whole blood. One exception is selenium, which is measured in whole blood as a reliable index of selenium status.

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Ochratoxin Group (A)-RealTime Labs Kit

This is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. Human exposure occurs mainly through consumption of improperly stored food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes.

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Ova and Parasites, Concentrate and Permanent Smear

The ova and parasite (O&P) exam is used to help diagnose the cause of persistent diarrhea. It determines whether there are parasites present in the lower digestive tract and, if so, to identify them. Since there are many other causes of diarrhea, the O&P is often ordered along with other tests, such as a stool culture, which identifies the presence of disease-causing bacteria in the stool.

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Parasitology x3-Doctor’s Data Kit

Signs and symptoms of parasitic infection vary from one individual to another. The more common signs and symptoms are: constipation, diarrhea, bloating, gas, symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, arthralgias, myalgias, anemia, increased allergic reactions, skin lesions, agitation and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, decreased energy, malnutrition and decreased immune function.

Infection can occur by four different pathways.

These routes include:

• Contaminated food or water
• Insect vectors
• Sexual contact
• Passage through the skin and nose

Most people are inclined to believe that parasitic infection is a rare and exotic occurrence, limited to those who have traveled to distant, tropical lands. However, there has been an increase in the incidence of parasitic infection in this country.

These may include:

• Contamination of the water supply
• Increased use of daycare centers
• Increased travel to, and visits from, countries where parasitic infection is endemic
• Household pets
• Consumption of exotic and uncooked foods
• Antibiotic use
• Changing sexual partners

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Parasitology-Genova Kit

Parasitology is a gastrointestinal test that evaluates stool for the presence of intestinal parasites, using microscopic examination. Though data for intestinal parasitic infection in the US is limited, some research has found one-third of stool specimens to be positive for parasites, peaking seasonally between July and October.

This test is an ideal analysis for patients with sudden changes in bowel pattern, especially those who have been traveling abroad, have been camping, or may have had exposure to untreated water.

The parasitology test can help reveal parasitic infections and enable you to target treatment protocols geared toward infection resolution.

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Red Blood Cell (RBC) Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Red blood cell (RBC) analysis is an invaluable method for assessing insufficiency or excess of elements that have important functions within cells or on blood cell membranes. An important feature of this analysis is that the cells are not washed, because this would result in partial loss of some important elements, such as calcium, that bind to the plasma membrane.

Disorders specifically associated with zinc deficiency are also addressed by this analysis. These disorders include loss of visual acuity, dysgeusia, dermatitis and poor wound healing, alopecia, amino acid malabsorption, sexual impotence, decreased production of testosterone, depressed immune function and growth retardation. The absorption, transport and metabolism of essential elements is highly integrated and regulated. Inappropriate supplementation or dietary imbalance of elements can have significant adverse health effects. For example, excess intake of zinc or molybdenum can result in copper deficiency and, although essential, excess retention of manganese can have serious neurotoxic effects.

RBC element analysis is also useful for the assessment of ongoing or very recent exposure to specific toxic elements that accumulate preferentially in erythrocytes. These toxic elements include arsenic, cadmium, lead, methylmercury and thallium. It is important to keep in mind that elevated levels of the toxic elements in these cells reflect only recent or ongoing exposure and do not provide information about the net retention of the metals in the body.

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Stachybotrys Chartarum/Atra (RGm24) IgE

Stachybotrys chartarum/atra is a mold that has been implicated in a variety of illnesses associated with water-damaged buildings. Stachybotrys requires cellulose as a growth substrate and is usually found on building materials composed of cellulose (e.g. ceiling tiles and wallboards).

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Toxic & Essential Elements 24 Hour Urine Collection-Doctor’s Data Kit

Acute metal poisoning is rare. More common, however, is a chronic, low-level exposure to toxic metals that can result in significant retention in the body. This can be associated with a vast array of adverse health effects and chronic disease.

Urine toxic and essential elements analysis is an invaluable tool for the assessment of retention of toxic metals in the body and the status of essential nutrient elements. Toxic metals do not have any useful physiological function, adversely affect virtually every organ system and disrupt the homeostasis of nutrient elements.

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Toxic Elements Clearance Urine Profile-Genova Kit

The Toxic Element Clearance Profile is a toxic exposure test which measures urinary excretion of a diverse range of potentially harmful elements. Both well-known toxics such as lead and mercury, and new technology toxins such as niobium are assessed in this toxic element test.

The Toxic Element Clearance Profile offers an advanced, comprehensive assessment of toxic and potentially toxic elements excreted in the urine. In addition to measuring classic elemental toxins, this profile includes elements used in medical, aerospace, nuclear, and high-tech electronic industries. Use of these potential toxins is increasing because of their growing commercial, industrial, and medical applications.

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Toxic Metals 24 Hour Urine Collection (includes Gadolinium)-Doctor’s Data Kit

Urine toxic analysis is an invaluable tool for the assessment of retention of toxic metals in the body. Toxic metals do not have any useful physiological function, adversely affect virtually every organ system and disrupt the balance of nutrient elements.

Urine Elements are traditionally used to evaluate exposure to potentially toxic elements and wasting of nutrient elements. Additionally, the comparison of urine element concentrations before and after administration of a chelator (an agent responsible for removing certain heavy metals from the bloodstream) can be used to estimate net retention of potentially toxic elements. Subsequent urine element analyses, also following the administration of a chelator, are useful for monitoring the desired result of metal detoxification therapy.

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Toxic Metals Random Urine Collection-Doctor’s Data Kit

Assessment of toxic metal retention and element status/wasting.

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Toxic Metals, Stool (Includes Gadolinium)-Doctor’s Data Kit

Fecal analysis provides a direct indication of dietary exposure to toxic metals and indirect information about the potential for toxic metal burden. Also provides a comprehensive evaluation of environmental exposure, potential for accumulation in the body (Hg), and possibly endogenous detoxification of potentially toxic metals. For many toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, antimony and uranium, biliary excretion into the feces is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. The primary process by which the body eliminates the insidious sulfhydryl reactive metals is through the formation of metal-glutathione complexes, of which greater than 90% are excreted into the bile.

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Toxic Metals, Whole Blood-Genova Kit

Increased exposure to toxic elements is generally reflected by levels in whole blood. This test shows levels of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.

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Toxoplasma Ab IgG

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite in cats and is shed from the body in their feces. Humans are easily exposed to cyst forms; however, in most healthy humans, the infection either causes no symptoms or results in a mild flu-like illness. Infections from the cysts can cause complications especially in pregnant women and people that suffer from immune disorders.

IgG antibodies are produced by the body several weeks after the initial infection to provide long-term protection. Levels of IgG rise during the active infection, then stabilize as the Toxoplasma infection resolves and the parasite becomes inactive. Once a person has been exposed to T. gondii, they will have some measurable amount of IgG antibody in their blood for the rest of their life.

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Toxoplasma Ab IgM

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite in cats and is shed from the body in their feces. Humans are easily exposed to cyst forms; however, in most healthy humans, the infection either causes no symptoms or results in a mild flu-like illness. Infections from the cysts can cause complications especially in pregnant women and people that suffer from immune disorders.

IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the body in response to a Toxoplasma infection. They are present in most individuals within a week or two after the initial exposure. IgM antibody production rises for a short time period and declines.

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Trichothecene Group-RealTime Labs Kit

Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, can grow in damp indoor environments. Stachybotrys is a greenish-black fungus found worldwide that lives in high-cellulose material, such as straw, hay, paper, dust, lint, and cellulose-containing building material such as fiber board, and gypsum board that becomes chronically moist or water damage due to excessive humidity, water leaks, condensation or flooding. Individuals with chronic exposure to the toxin produced by this fungus have reported cold and flu symptoms, sore throats, diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, and dermatitis (skin rashes).

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Urine Essential Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Many clinicians request the analysis of essential elements in urine specimens to evaluate nutritional status and the efficacy of mineral supplementation during metal detoxification therapy. Metal detoxification agents can significantly increase the excretion of specific nutrient elements such as zinc, copper, manganese and molybdenum.

Chromium metabolism authorities suggest that 24-hour chromium excretion likely provides the best assessment of chromium status. Early indication of renal dysfunction can be gleaned from urinary wasting of essential elements such as magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium in an unprovoked specimen.

Variability in urine volume can drastically affect the concentration of elements. To compensate for urine dilution variation, elements are expressed per unit creatinine for timed collections. For 24-hour collections, elements are reported as both units per 24 hours and units per creatinine.

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Urine Mercury-Doctor’s Data Kit

Early signs of excessive Hg exposure include: decreased senses of touch, hearing, vision and taste, metallic taste in mouth, fatigue or lack of physical endurance, and increased salivation. Symptoms may progress with moderate or chronic exposure to include: anorexia, numbness and paresthesias, headaches, hypertension, irritability and excitability, and immune suppression/dysregulation. Advanced disease processes from excessive Hg assimilation include: tremors and uncoordination, anemia, psychoses, manic behaviors, possibly autoimmune disorders and renal dysfunction or failure. Note that in Hg exposure of long duration, renal excretion of Hg (and normal metabolites) may become impaired, and the urine level of Hg might be only mildly elevated or not elevated at all due to renal failure. Mercury is used in: dental amalgams (50% by weight), explosive detonators; some vaccines, pure liquid form in thermometers, barometers, and laboratory equipment; batteries and electrodes, some medications and Ayurveic herbs, fungicides and pesticides, and in the paper industry. The fungicide/pesticide use of mercury has declined due to environmental concerns, but Hg residues persist in the environment. Emissions from coal-fired power plants and hospital/municipal incinerators are significant sources of mercury pollution. Methylmercury, the most common, organic form of Hg, occurs by methylation of inorganic Hg in aquatic biota or sediments (both freshwater and ocean sediments). Methylmercury accumulates in aquatic animals and fish and is concentrated up the food chain reaching highest concentrations in large fish and predatory birds. Except for fish, the human intake of dietary mercury is negligible unless the food is contaminated with one of the previously listed forms/sources. Daily ingestion of fish can result in the assimilation of 1 to 10 micrograms of mercury/day. Depending upon the extent of cumulative Hg exposure, elevated levels of urine Hg may occur after administration of DMPS, DMSA or D-penicillamine. Blood and especially red blood cellelemental analyses are useful for assessing recent or ongoing exposure to organic (methyl) Hg.

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Urine Porphyrins 24-hour Urine-Doctor’s Data Kit

Abnormal levels of urinary porphyrins, oxidized metabolites of heme biosynthesis, are associated with genetic disorders, metabolic disturbances and diseases, anemias, oxidative stress, and high-level exposure to toxic chemicals or metals. Specific urine porphyrin profiles are associated with high-level exposure to mercury, arsenic, lead and some chemicals and drugs.

Urinary porphyrins are readily excreted in excess when porphyrinogens accumulate as a result of inhibition of specific enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Heme is required for oxygen binding, transport and utilization, cytochromes, and electron transport in mitochondria. The high rate of production of heme facilitates the use of urinary porphyrins as early and sensitive biomarkers of disorders in heme production, which has long been associated with genetic disorders, metabolic disturbances and diseases, nutritional status, oxidative stress and high-level exposure to toxic chemicals or metals.

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Volatiles, Urine

Volatile substances include the most frequently abused drug – ethanol (ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol). Ethanol is the most widely used intoxicant. Also included in this test is acetone, which is occasionally found in diabetics, methanol (grain alcohol), and isopropanol (rubbing alcohol).

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West Nile Virus Antibodies (IgG, IgM), Serum

West Nile virus (WNV) is an infection that is transmitted to humans primarily by mosquitoes. It is not usually transmitted person-to-person, but there have been cases of WNV being passed on to others through blood donations, organ transplants, and rarely from a mother to child through breast milk. About 80% of people infected with WNV experience no symptoms. In the other 20%, it causes relatively mild flu-like symptoms such as headache, fever, and muscular weakness that resolve without treatment after a few days to a few weeks. Only 1 in 150 people infected with WNV becomes seriously ill with an infection that affects the central nervous system. These patients may have encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and/or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and/or may experience muscular paralysis.

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Whole Blood Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Analysis of toxic elements/metals in whole blood is useful for assessment of recent or ongoing exposure to the toxins, but does not provide accurate information about net retention of toxic metals in the body. For example, blood lead levels peak about five hours after acute exposure and then decrease exponentially with a half-life in blood of about one month. Evaluation and elimination of ongoing exposure to toxic metals is another important component of efficient metal detoxification.

Accurate assessment of essential element status in the most appropriate compartment is highly recommended for determination of appropriate supplementation. The absorption, transport and metabolism of essential elements is highly integrated and regulated. Inappropriate supplementation or dietary imbalance of elements can have significant adverse health effects. For example, excess intake of zinc or molybdenum can result in copper deficiency and excess assimilation of manganese can have serious neurotoxic effects that are expressed as Parkinson’s-like disease.

Whole blood analysis is an excellent test for measuring the levels of both intracellular and extracellular circulating elements. Extracellular elements have functions in serum/plasma or are transported to tissues in serum/plasma associated with specific proteins or albumen. Intracellular elements have very specific functions as obligatory constituents of metalloproteins/enzymes in red blood cells and lymphocytes. The red and white blood cells serve as surrogate cells representative of peripheral cells in general. Some essential elements, such as selenium, are portioned in and have important physiological roles in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Likewise, the toxic metal lead is transported in both the fluid and cellular (red blood cells) compartments of blood. Therefore, measurement of elements in both blood compartments permits a more complete evaluation of total blood element levels.

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Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP)

Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is normally present in red blood cells in small amounts, but the level may increase in people with lead poisoning and iron deficiency. This test measures the level of ZPP in the blood.

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Allergix® Bloodspot IgG4 Food Antibodies 30 Profile-Genova Kit

The IgG4 Food Antibodies is a food sensitivity test which uses a simple blood spot to measure the total IgG levels reacting to common food antigens. Using the blood spot kit means this food intolerance test is simple enough for the client to use at home. IgG4 antibody is related to delayed or non–atopic food reactions that exacerbate or contribute to many different health problems. This antibody food sensitivity test is ideal for patients who may suffer from delayed reactions/sensitivities to specific foods.

From a simple finger stick, the Bloodspot IgG4 Food Antibodies Profile offers a non–invasive alternative to a blood draw in determining IgG food sensitivity reactions. Responses to 30 different foods are tested, and responses are categorized by severity from borderline to mild, moderate, or severe on the report.

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Allergix® IgG4 & IgE Food Antibodies Profile-Genova Kit

90 IgG4 Foods:
Almond, Apple, Apricot, Asparagus, Aspergillus Mold, Avocado, Banana, Barley, Bean-String, Beef, Black Pepper, Blueberry, Broccoli, Cabbage, Cantaloupe, Carrot, Casein, Cashew, Cauliflower, Celery, Chicken, Chocolate, Cinnamon, Clam, Coconut, Codfish, Coffee, Corn, Crab, Cranberry, Cucumber, Egg White, Egg Yolk, Flounder, Garlic, Ginger, Grape, Grapefruit, Halibut, Honeydew, Lamb, Lemon, Lentil, Lettuce, Lima Bean, Lobster, Mackerel, Malt, Milk, Mushroom, Mustard Seed, Navy Bean, Oat, Olive, Onion, Orange, Oyster, Pea-Green, Peach, Peanut, Pear, Pecan, Pepper-Green, Pineapple, Pinto Bean, Pistachio, Pork, Potato, Rice, Rye, Salmon, Sesame, Shrimp, Soybean, Spinach, Strawberry, Sunflower, Sweet Potato, Tea, Tomato, Trout, Tuna, Turkey, Vanilla, Watermelon, Walnut-English, Wheat, Yeast-Baker’s, Yeast-Brewer’s, Zucchini

19 IgE Foods:
Almond, Brazil Nut, Blue Mussel, Buckwheat, Coconut, Codfish, Corn, Cow’s Milk, Egg White, Hazelnut, Oat, Peanut, Rice, Salmon, Sesame, Shrimp, Soybean, Tuna and Wheat

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Amino Acids Analysis, Plasma-Genova Kit

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma measures levels of key amino acids in blood. Amino acid metabolism may be compromised by common lifestyle and dietary factors, which may result in inadequate levels of amino acids. Plasma amino acid analysis is favored in conditions where the supply of amino acids and precursors is critical, such as in mood and neurobehavioral disorders.

The complete Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma analyzes over 40 analytes and includes:

• Plasma Amino Acid Analysis
• Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids
• Nonessential Protein Amino Acids
• Intermediary Metabolites
• Dietary Peptide Related Markers

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma report configuration provides for easy interpretation and clinically actionable results and includes:

A handy Suggested Supplement Schedule allowing for personalized recommendations based on test results, an Interpretation-At-A-Glance page that provides facts on nutrient function, causes and complications of their deficiencies, as well as dietary sources.

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Amino Acids, 20 plasma-Genova Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function.

Collecting a fasting plasma specimen from a client removes recent dietary intake effects. The following factors can reflect changes over time in plasma: Chronic dietary intake, Digestive efficiency, Liver uptake, and Skeletal muscle’s ability to maintain formation of amino acids.

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Anti-Gliadin Antibody Assay-Immuno Labs Kit

Over 100 chronic conditions, including celiac disease, have been associated with increased levels of Anti-Gliadin antibody (gliadin is the protein component of gluten). Since the 1970’s, gluten-free diets have shown to be a reliable treatment in allowing celiac patients to return to “normalcy.” Recent research has shown the detection of Anti-Gliadin IgG and IgA to be an indicator of gliadin involvement in the medical condition. The Anti-Gliadin Antibody Assay (AGA) detects both IgG and IgA to gliadin by the ELISA method. This test is a very effective screening test for gliadin and is a good method for monitoring patients’ adherence to a gluten-free diet.

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Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA)™-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA) is the original noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal function that includes digestion, absorption, bacterial balance, metabolism, yeast and immune status for patients with general GI-related symptoms, such as indigestion, microbial imbalance, constipation, and diarrhea.

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Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis 2.0™ (CDSA/P 2.0) with Parasitology-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis 2.0™ (CDSA 2.0) is an advanced stool test that provides immediate, actionable clinical information for the management of gastrointestinal health. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies and biomarkers, this test offers valuable insight into digestive function, intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal microbiome.

The biomarkers from the CDSA 2.0 Profile are reported using the DIG framework, providing key clinical information for three main gastrointestinal functional areas:

Digestion/Absorption:Pancreatic Elastase-1 is a marker of exocrine pancreatic function. Putrefactive Short–Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) are markers of undigested protein reaching the colon.

Inflammation/Immunology: Calprotectin is a marker of neutrophil-driven inflammation. Produced in abundance at sites of inflammation, this biomarker has been proven clinically useful in differentiating between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Eosinophil Protein X is a marker of eosinophil-driven inflammation and allergic response.

Gut Microbiome: Metabolic indicators demonstrate specific and vital metabolic functions performed by the microbiota. These include:
Beneficial Short–Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), including n–Butyrate, are fermentation products produced by bacterial action on fiber and resistant starch. N-butyrate is the primary fuel source for colonocytes. pH is influenced by macronutrient composition, bacterial populations, and transit time. Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by bacteria that relates to the metabolism and detoxification of certain substances. Secondary Bile Acids, including Lithocholic Acid (LCA) and Deoxycholic Acid (DCA), and the LCA/DCA ratio, assess the bacterial conversion of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. Bacteria and mycology cultures demonstrate the presence of specific beneficial and pathogenic organisms. Bacteria and mycology sensitivities are provided for pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms that have been cultured. The report includes effective prescriptive and natural agents. Parasitology CDSA 2.0 provides microscopic fecal specimen examination for ova and parasites (O&P), the gold standard of diagnosis for many parasites. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), widely recognized for its diagnostic utility in the detection of pathogenic antigens, is used for the identification of Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. The report includes effective prescriptive and natural agents, MIC Sensitivities, Yeast or Bacteria and Short Chain Fatty Acids Distribution.

CDSA 2.0 is also available without parasitology.

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Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis/Parasitology™ (CDSA/P)-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA)™ with parasitology offers a comprehensive look at the overall health of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The (CDSA)™ is Genova?s historic evaluation of gastrointestinal function assessing a select set of stool biomarkers.

This stool analysis evaluates:

• Digestion/Absorption Markers
• Gut Metabolic Markers
• Gut Microbiology Markers
• Gold standard O&P (ova & parasite) technology as well as EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay) for identification of common parasites

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Comprehensive Parasitology Profile-Genova Kit

An ideal test for patients with sudden changes in bowel pattern, especially for those who have been traveling abroad or camping and can help reveal hidden causes behind acute or chronic conditions that develop from parasitic infections. This is a three-day collection test.

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Comprehensive Stool Analysis w/Parasitology x1-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Comprehensive Stool Analysis is a noninvasive assessment of digestive and absorptive functions that includes digestion, absorption, bacterial balance, metabolism, inflammation, yeast and immune status for patients with nonspecific GI-related symptoms, such as indigestion, dysbiosis (microbial imbalance), constipation, and diarrhea, as well as the presence of adaptable pathogens and monitoring the usefulness of therapeutic treatment of Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders.

Important information regarding the efficiency of digestion and absorption can be gleaned from the measurement of the fecal levels of elastase (pancreatic exocrine sufficiency), fat, muscle and vegetable fibers, and carbohydrates.

Inflammation can significantly increase intestinal permeability and compromise assimilation of nutrients. The extent of inflammation, whether caused by pathogens or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can be assessed and monitored by examination of the levels of biomarkers such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, white blood cells and mucus. These markers can be used to differentiate between inflammation associated with potentially life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which requires lifelong treatment, and less severe inflammation that can be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is frequently due to the presence of enteroinvasive pathogens. Lactoferrin is only markedly elevated prior to and during the active phases of IBD, but not with IBS. Monitoring fecal lactoferrin levels in patients with IBD can therefore facilitate timely treatment of IBD, and the test can be ordered separately. Since the vast majority of secretory IgA (sIgA) is normally present in the GI tract, where it prevents binding of pathogens and antigens to the mucosal membrane, it is essential to know the status of sIgA in the gut. sIgA is the only bona fide marker of humoral immune status in the GI tract.

Cornerstones of good health include proper digestion of food, assimilation of nutrients, exclusion of pathogens and timely elimination of waste. To obtain benefits from food that is consumed, nutrients must be appropriately digested and then efficiently absorbed into portal circulation. Microbes, larger-sized particles of fiber, and undigested foodstuffs should remain within the intestinal lumen. Poor digestion and malabsorption of vital nutrients can contribute to degenerative diseases, compromised immune status and nutritional deficiencies. Impairment of the highly specific nutrient uptake processes, or compromised GI barrier function, as in “leaky gut syndrome,” can result from a number of causes including:

• Low gastric acid production;
• Chronic maldigestion;
• Food allergen impact on bowel absorptive surfaces;
• Bacterial overgrowth or imbalances (dysbiosis);
• Pathogenic bacteria, yeast or parasites and related toxic irritants; and,
• The use of NSAIDs and antibiotics

Impairment of intestinal functions can contribute to the development of food allergies, systemic illnesses, autoimmune disease, and toxic overload from substances that are usually kept in the confines of the bowel for elimination. Efficient remediation of GI dysfunctions incorporates a comprehensive guided approach that should include consideration of elimination of pathogens and exposure to irritants, supplementation of hydrochloric acid, pancreatic enzymes and pre- and probiotics, and repair of the mucosal barrier.

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Comprehensive Stool Analysis-Doctor’s Data Kit

Evaluates the status of beneficial and imbalanced commensal bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, yeast/fungus.

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Comprehensive Urine Elements-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Urine Elements Profile measures urinary flow of 15 nutrient elements and 20 toxic metals. These include “classic” toxins such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, as well as elements used in the medical, aerospace, nuclear and high-tech electronics industries. This is an ideal test for patients suspected of toxic metal exposure as well as potential nutrient mineral wasting.

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Comprehensive Wellness 2 Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Food allergy is an IgE immune system response that is typically characterized by hives, shortness of breath, upset stomach and in some cases anaphylaxis. The most common food allergies are to nuts, shellfish, wheat and dairy. According to the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, only about 4% of the United States population has a food allergy. The ALCAT Test does not detect Food Allergy.

Food intolerance, on the other hand, is much more common than food allergies and is characterized by digestive disorders, migraines, obesity, chronic fatigue, aching joints, skin disorders and behavioral issues. It has been stated that upwards of 70-80% of the US population has food intolerance. Unfortunately for many, those food intolerance symptoms are often identified as individual problems and treated as such, thus treating the symptoms and not the cause. The Alcat Test is now considered the, “gold standard” laboratory method for identification of non-IgE mediated reactions to foods, chemicals, and other substances.

This panel tests for 200 food intolerances, 10 food additives, and 10 food colorings that can activate the immune system. It measures changes in size and volume of white blood cells in response to challenges with foods. This is a tolerance test, not an allergy test.

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DNA Methylation; Whole Blood-Doctor’s Data Kit

Identification of SNPs that influence health and disease risk may improve clinical success and allow patients to optimize health and wellness.

The DNA Methylation Pathway Profile allows clinicians to screen their patients for a variety of genetic changes (single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) that may impact the function of important biochemical processes such as methionine metabolism, detoxification, hormone balance and Vitamin D function. The presence or absence of SNPs may modify disease risk. The risks may be reduced by lifestyle changes, and inefficient biochemical processes can be supported by diet and nutritional supplements to maximize the functions of metabolic pathways.

Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may influence health and rise for diseases facilitates clinical support for patients. The Doctor’s Data DNA Methylation Pathway Profile includes a variety of SNPs known to influence many aspects of health.

SNPs are DNA sequence variations that occur relatively frequently in the general population. They are different from disease mutations, which are very rare. Huntington’s disease is an example of a disease mutation – if you inherit the altered gene, the disease will develop. Certain SNPs may be associated with particular health conditions, but they are not known to directly cause disease. The majority of SNPs affect protein, enzyme or cell receptor structure and function.

SNPs may have subtle but true biological effects. Some SNPs have been correlated with health concerns or disease risk. Often several SNPs need to be present to alter metabolic or biochemical functions in the body. SNP activity and gene expression may often be modified by epigenetic factors (diet, lifestyle, nutrition, toxicant exposures). The effects of SNPs are often cumulative; the expression of a single SNP often depends on the presence or absence of other SNPS.

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Elemental Analysis-Genova Kit

Elemental Analysis evaluates patients for recent toxic element exposure and assesses nutrient mineral status. This assessment allows clinicians to provide targeted treatment for patients by identifying and correcting toxic-element exposures and replenishing nutrient minerals.

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ELISA/Act Basic (144 Items)-Kit

The Lymphocyte Response Assay (LRA) by ELISA/ACT, developed by ELISA/ACT Biotechnologies LLC (EAB), makes it possible to examine the general health of a client’s immune system by monitoring delayed hypersensitivity responses to over 500 common substances. The tests identify reactive substances, which may be provoking the client’s chronic condition. Patients are also provided a personalized treatment plan to help eliminate these sensitivities and restore overall health.

LRA by ELISA/ACT tests are the only tests that detect all 3 delayed allergy pathways (Type II, Type III, and Type IV) and offers the most items for testing. It identifies only symptom provoking reactive substances, not merely the presence of antibodies, which can be harmful or protective. The unique ex vivo system tests the lymphocytes as though they are still in the bloodstream being exposed to foreign invaders, thereby, providing highly specific and accurate information.

This complete assessment of delayed reactions is useful to patients and physicians in developing a cost-effective, individualized treatment plan to improve the client’s overall health.

The Basic Panel is recommended for simple, recent onset conditions.

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ELISA/Act Comprehensive (317 Items)-Kit

The Lymphocyte Response Assay (LRA) by ELISA/ACT, developed by ELISA/ACT Biotechnologies LLC (EAB), makes it possible to examine the general health of a client’s immune system by monitoring delayed hypersensitivity responses to common substances. The tests identify reactive substances, which may be provoking the client’s chronic condition. Patients are also provided a personalized treatment plan to help eliminate these sensitivities and restore overall health.

LRA by ELISA/ACT tests are the only tests that detect all 3 delayed allergy pathways (Type II, Type III, and Type IV) and offers the most items for testing. It identifies only symptom provoking reactive substances, not merely the presence of antibodies, which can be harmful or protective. The unique ex vivo system tests the lymphocytes as though they are still in the bloodstream being exposed to foreign invaders, thereby, providing highly specific and accurate information.

This complete assessment of delayed reactions is useful to patients and physicians in developing a cost-effective, individualized treatment plan to improve the client’s overall health.

The Comprehensive test panel is recommended for people with complex, long term, multi-system conditions and symptoms.

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ELISA/Act Comprehensive+Medications (349 Items)-Kit

Complete evaluation of the body’s delayed immune response.

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Essential & Metabolic Fatty Acids Analysis (EMFA)-Genova Kit

The Essential & Metabolic Fatty Acids Analysis (EMFA) assesses the critical balance between essential Omega-6/Omega-3 fatty acids, as well as additional key fatty acids important in metabolism and cellular function. Fatty acid imbalances can be a causative factor in a variety of chronic health conditions. The Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids Analysis can indicate the need for fatty acid supplementation and/or dietary modification.

Fatty acids comprise some of the most essential nutrients in the human diet. They are critical for cell membrane structure and function as well as local “hormonal” signaling. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are transformed into local hormonal mediators called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids regulate all stages of inflammation, including the start, spread and end stages. This process is vital to the ability of the body’s immune system to repair and protect itself. Fatty acids are also crucial components of neural membranes and receptors that ensure proper intracellular communication within the brain and nervous system.

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Food Panel 100 Items Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

This panel tests for 100 food intolerances and other factors that can activate the immune system. It measures changes in size and volume of white blood cells in response to challenges with foods. This is a tolerance test, not an allergy test.

Food allergy is an IgE immune system response that is typically characterized by hives, shortness of breath, upset stomach and in some cases anaphylaxis. The most common food allergies are to nuts, shellfish, wheat and dairy. According to the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, only about 4% of the United States population has a food allergy. The ALCAT Test does not detect Food Allergy.

Food intolerance, on the other hand, is much more common than food allergies and is characterized by digestive disorders, migraines, obesity, chronic fatigue, aching joints, skin disorders and behavioral issues. It has been stated that upwards of 70-80% of the US population has food intolerance. Unfortunately for many, those food intolerance symptoms are often identified as individual problems and treated as such, thus treating the symptoms and not the cause. The Alcat Test is now considered the, “gold standard” laboratory method for identification of non-IgE mediated reactions to foods, chemicals, and other substances.

You will receive a packet of information in the mail containing a color copy of your results, an interpretation guide, information on your free 1/2 hour consultation as well as a 4-day rotation food plan.

Foods Included:
Apple, Baker’s Yeast, Banana, Barley, Beef, Black Pepper, Broccoli, Butternut Squash, Cabbage, Cane Sugar, Cantaloupe, Carrot, Casein, Cauliflower, Chicken, Cinnamon, Cocoa, Corn, Cow’s Milk, Egg White, Egg Yolk, Fructose, Garlic, Gliadin, Gluten, Grape, Green Pea, Iceberg Lettuce, Lamb, Lemon, Mustard Seed, Oat (Gluten Free), Onion, Orange, Peanut, Pear, Pork, Rice (Brown/White), Shrimp, Soybean, Strawberry, String Bean, Sweet Potato, Tomato, Tuna, Turkey, Vanilla, Wheat, White Potato, and Yellow Squash.

Almond, Asparagus, Avocado, Basil, Bell Pepper (Green), Black Tea, Blueberry, Brewer’s Yeast, Brussels Sprouts, Button Mushrooms, Candida albicans, Carob, Cashew, Celery, Cherry, Clam, Coconut, Codfish, Coffee, Crab, Cranberry, Cucumber, Eggplant, Ginger, Goat’s Milk, Grapefruit, Green Tea, Halibut, Honey, Hops, Lime, Lobster, Millet, Olive, Oregano, Parsley, Peach, Pecan, Pineapple, Pinto Beans, Plum, Rye, Salmon, Scallop, Sesame, Snapper, Sole, Spinach, Watermelon and Whey.

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Food Panel 150 Items Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Identifies reactions to 150 foods associated with inflammation that are linked to chronic health problems.

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Food Panel 200 Items Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Identifies reactions to 200 foods associated with inflammation that are linked to chronic health problems.

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Food Panel 50 Items Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Identifies reactions to 50 foods associated with inflammation that are linked to chronic health problems. The Rotation Diet is NOT available with this profile.

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Genomic SNP’s (Add-On Only to Methylation Panel)-Genova Kit

The Methylation Panel is an innovative test designed to offer insight into the critical biochemical methylation pathway. Methylation metabolites are measured in plasma, and genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are analyzed via buccal swab. The results are synthesized on a front-page Interpretation-at-a-Glance (IAAG) graphic for quick methylation status assessment. Within the report, results are shown in a methylation pathway graphic to provide a clear understanding of the biochemistry involved.

Methylation is a chemical process that happens billions of times per second in every cell of the body. Methyl groups are transferred and donated between many different molecules which change their structure and function. Methyl groups act like billions of switches which turn genes on or off, help regulate mood, detoxify hormones, produce energy, and promote healthy aging.

Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids from the diet are needed to keep this process running smoothly. There are also genetic factors and oxidative stressors which can affect how well this pathway works.

Methylation is needed to create DNA and RNA and regulate gene expression. It helps make creatine, which is needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Methylation is involved in basic energy production, fat metabolism, immune responses, vascular health, and cell membrane repair. It produces and metabolizes neurotransmitters to regulate mood. Methylation also works to neutralize toxins and hormones.

Methylation defects have been associated with many clinical conditions including, but not limited to cancer, autism, ADHD, congenital and neural tube defects, cognitive decline, depression, cardiovascular disease, and schizophrenia.

Analytes are measured utilizing Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) except for glutathione which is a colorimetric assay developed for an automated chemistry platform. The genetic SNPs are assessed via pyrosequencing.

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GI Effects® Comprehensive Profile – Stool (One Day Collection)-Genova Kit

The GI Effects® Comprehensive Stool Profile is an advanced stool test that provides immediate, actionable clinical information for the management of gastrointestinal health. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies and biomarkers, this test offers valuable insight into digestive function, intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal microbiome.

The biomarkers from the GI Effects Comprehensive Profile are reported using the DIG framework, providing key clinical information for three main gastrointestinal functional areas:

Digestion/Absorption: Pancreatic Elastase-1 is a marker of exocrine pancreatic function. Products of Protein Breakdown are markers of undigested protein reaching the colon. Fecal Fat is a marker of fat breakdown and absorption.

Inflammation/Immunology: Calprotectin is a marker of neutrophil-driven inflammation. Produced in abundance at sites of inflammation, this biomarker has been proven clinically useful in differentiating between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Eosinophil Protein X is a marker of eosinophil-driven inflammation and allergic response. Fecal Secretory IgA is a marker of gut secretory immunity and barrier function.

Gut Microbiome: Metabolic indicators, including short-chain fatty acids and beta-glucuronidase, demonstrate specific and vital metabolic functions performed by the microbiota. Commensal Bacteria demonstrate the composition and relative abundance of gut organisms. More than 95% of commensal gut organisms are anaerobic and are difficult to recover by traditional (aerobic) culture techniques. GI Effects assesses a set of 24 genera/species that map to 7 major phyla. Bacterial and mycology cultures demonstrate the presence of specific beneficial and pathological organisms. Bacteria and mycology sensitivities are provided for pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms that have been cultured. The report includes effective prescriptive and natural agents. Parasitology GI Effects provides microscopic fecal specimen examination for ova and parasites (O&P), the gold standard of diagnosis for many parasites. 6 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targets detect common protozoan parasites including Blastocystis spp. with reflex subtyping 1-9, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia. PCR for organisms is emerging as a highly sensitive method for infectious organism detection. Selection of a one-day or three-day sample collection is based on clinician’s clinical index of suspicion for parasitic infection. If there is no/low suspicion, a one-day sample will likely be adequate. For high suspicion, a three-day sample collection is optimal.

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Glutathione, Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant and important intracellular antioxidant. GSH in erythrocytes is an indicator of intracellular GSH status, the overall health of cells and of the ability to endure toxic challenges. It is involved in many biological processes including detoxification of xenobiotics, removal of oxygen-reactive species, regulation of the redox state of cells and the oxidative state of important protein sulfhydryl groups, and regulation of immune function.

Low levels of GSH have been reported in cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, autism, alcoholism, and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It has also been associated with chronic retention of many potential toxic elements, chemicals and some drugs.

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Hair Toxic & Essential Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

With respect to its contained elements, hair is essentially an excretory tissue rather than a functional tissue. As protein is synthesized in the hair follicle, elements are incorporated permanently into the hair with no further exchange or equilibration with other tissues. Scalp hair is easy to sample, and because it grows an average of one to two cm per month, it contains a “temporal record” of element metabolism and exposure to toxic elements.

Nutrient elements including magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper and selenium are obligatory co-factors for hundreds of important enzymes and also are essential for the normal functions of vitamins. The levels of these elements in hair are correlated with levels in organs and other tissues.

Toxic elements may be 200 to 300 times more highly concentrated in hair than in blood or urine. Therefore, hair is the tissue of choice for detection of recent exposure to elements such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, lead, antimony and mercury. The CDC acknowledges the value of hair mercury levels as a maternal and infant marker for exposure to neurotoxic methylmercury from fish.

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Hair Toxic Element Exposure-Doctor’s Data Kit

Tests for 31 Toxic Metals only. It was developed at the request of physicians that had patients with known industrial or environmental exposure to the specific toxic metals.

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IgG Food Antibodies (87 IgG Foods + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

IgG Food Antibody Assessment is a food sensitivity test which helps identify those with true IgE-mediated allergies as well as IgG-mediated food sensitivities. This immunological food sensitivity test measures IgG antibody levels to 87 foods, and total IgE. Additional sensitivity tests are also available for regional inhalants, molds, vegetables, and spices. This antibody food sensitivity test is ideal for patients who may suffer from delayed reactions/sensitivities to specific foods. It may also provide insight on intolerances, or non-immune responses, to certain foods. Additionally, the IgG Food Antibody Assessment includes information on implementing an Elimination Diet based on the client test results.

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International Hair Toxic & Essential Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit Plus Shipping Fee

With respect to its contained elements, hair is essentially an excretory tissue rather than a functional tissue. As protein is synthesized in the hair follicle, elements are incorporated permanently into the hair with no further exchange or equilibration with other tissues. Scalp hair is easy to sample, and because it grows an average of one to two cm per month, it contains a “temporal record” of element metabolism and exposure to toxic elements.

Nutrient elements including magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper and selenium are obligatory co-factors for hundreds of important enzymes and also are essential for the normal functions of vitamins. The levels of these elements in hair are correlated with levels in organs and other tissues.

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International Hair Toxic Element Exposure-Doctor’s Data Kit Plus Shipping Fee

Provides information regarding recent and ongoing exposure to potentially toxic metals.

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Methylation Panel-Genova Kit

The Methylation Panel is an innovative test designed to offer insight into the critical biochemical methylation pathway. Methylation metabolites are measured in plasma. Methylation is a chemical process that happens billions of times per second in every cell of the body. Methyl groups are transferred and donated between many different molecules which change their structure and function. Methyl groups act like billions of switches which turn genes on or off, help regulate mood, detoxify hormones, produce energy, and promote healthy aging.

Vitamins, minerals, and amino acids from the diet are needed to keep this process running smoothly. There are also genetic factors and oxidative stressors which can affect how well this pathway works.

Methylation is needed to create DNA and RNA and regulate gene expression. It helps make creatine, which is needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Methylation is involved in basic energy production, fat metabolism, immune responses, vascular health, and cell membrane repair. It produces and metabolizes neurotransmitters to regulate mood. Methylation also works to neutralize toxins and hormones.

Methylation defects have been associated with many clinical conditions including, but not limited to cancer, autism, ADHD, congenital and neural tube defects, cognitive decline, depression, cardiovascular disease, and schizophrenia.

Analytes are measured utilizing Liquid Chromatography with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) except for glutathione which is a colorimetric assay developed for an automated chemistry platform.

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Methylation Profile-Doctor’s Data Kit

Methylation is a process by which a gene’s behavior is altered, but the gene itself isn’t changed. It requires Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid to convert nutrients from food to energy. If the process is blocked, through stress, viruses, toxins, etc., Glutathione cannot be created. Glutathione detoxifies the body, among other body processes.

Normal methionine metabolism is absolutely critical for folate-dependent transmethylation, and transsulfuration. Abnormal metabolism of methionine can be found in both genders at any age. It is usually associated with genetic or nutritional deficiencies, aging and exposures to environmental toxins. For example, lead can impair methylation via inhibition of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).

Conditions associated with untreated, aberrant methionine metabolism include, but are not limited to:

• Abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
• Neurodegenerative diseases
• Autism
• Dysregulation of nitric acid homeostasis
• Oxidative stress
• Global under-methylation, synthesis and repair of DNA
• Immune dysregulation/autoimmunity
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
• Congenital heart disease and birth defects
• Impaired endogenous detoxification processes
• Increased risk for Down syndrome

The DDI Methylation profile evaluates the plasma levels of methionine, cysteine, SAM, SAH, Hcy and cystathionine, and provides the important “methylation index,” a ratio of SAM to SAH. The test results can appropriately guide nutritional support to improve or normalize methionine metabolism and meliorate or prevent the potential adverse consequences associated with inadequate methylation and transsulfuration capacity.

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Mycotoxin Panel, Total-RealTime Labs Kit

Mycotoxin Tests are performed for Tricothecenes, Ochratoxins, Aflatoxins and Gliotoxin. Anyone in contact with mold exposure or with prolonged symptoms of exposure should be tested for mycotoxins.

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NutrEval® FMV W/Nutrient & Toxic Elements-Genova Kit

NutrEval FMV® (First Morning Void) test identifies key nutritional deficiencies. The NutrEval FMV evaluates overall nutritional status to determine personalized supplementation needs for antioxidants, B-vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, amino acids, digestive support, and other select nutrients.

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Nutrient & Toxic Elements (Blood)-Genova Kit

Erythrocyte and whole blood toxic element levels are good indicators of body pools of essential elements as well as the toxic elements aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead,* and mercury. The Genova Diagnostics Nutrient and Toxic Elements Profile is an especially accurate way of determining whole body status of potassium and selenium.

Whole Blood generally reflects increased or recent exposure to toxic elements. The Genova Diagnostics Toxic Metals Profile shows levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury.

Nutrient elements are measured in erythrocytes and toxic elements are measured in whole blood. One exception is selenium, which is measured in whole blood as a reliable index of selenium status.

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Organix Basic Profile (Organic Acids)-Genova Kit

The Organix Profile provides a view into the body’s cellular metabolic processes and the efficiency of metabolic function. Identifying metabolic blocks that can be treated nutritionally allows individual tailoring of interventions to help maximize client responses and lead to improved client outcomes.

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Organix® Comprehensive Profile (Organic Acids)-Urine-Genova Kit

The Organix® Comprehensive Profile is a nutritional test providing insights into organic acids and a view into the body’s cellular metabolic processes. Additionally, children’s reference ranges are designed to provide more accurate pediatric nutritional evaluations. Identifying metabolic blocks that can be treated nutritionally allows individual tailoring of interventions that maximize client responses and lead to improved client outcomes.

Organic acids are metabolic intermediates that are produced in pathways of central energy production, detoxification, neurotransmitter breakdown, or intestinal microbial activity. Marked accumulation of specific organic acids detected in urine often signals a metabolic inhibition or block. The metabolic block may be due to a nutrient deficiency, an inherited enzyme deficit, toxic build-up or drug effect. Several of the biomarkers are markers of intestinal bacterial or yeast overgrowth.

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Organix® Dysbiosis Profile (Organic Acids)-Genova Kit

The Russian scientist Elie Metchnikoff (1845 – 1916) popularized the idea of “Dys-symbiosis” or “Dysbiosis,” describing an imbalance in the micro-ecology of the digestive tract. When the microbial balance of the gut is disturbed, opportunistic, or “bad”, bacteria can overgrow and mitigate the effects of the “good”, predominant bacteria needed for a healthy gut.

The Organix® Dysbiosis Profile is a urine organic acid test measuring the by-products of microbial metabolism, and is particularly useful in detecting the presence of pathogenic microbial overgrowth. As a stand-alone test, the Organix® Dysbiosis Profile is a great follow-up option to the Organix® Comprehensive Profile, allowing the clinician to assess microbial overgrowth and guide and monitor targeted therapy in patients.

Urine contains unique products of microbial metabolism which are used to measure small bowel yeast and bacterial overgrowth. With the exception of hippurate, the compounds measured in the Organix® Dysbiosis Profile, such as D-arabinitol, are not normally produced by human cells. Unfriendly intestinal microorganisms, however, can manufacture them in relatively high quantities. These compounds are absorbed into the blood from the intestines and eventually appear in a urine organic acid test.

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Oxidative Stress 2.0, Blood-Genova Kit

The Oxidative Stress Analysis 2.0 nutritional test utilizes a blood sample in order to evaluate the body’s oxidative stress status and antioxidant reserve. This nutritional test can help practitioners identify underlying causes and perpetuating factors for many clinical disorders and help to customize specific treatment programs.

Oxidative stress testing is used to assess equilibrium between oxidative damage and antioxidant reserve. It is necessary to address the reserve capacity that provides protection, the enzymes that quench the free radicals, and evaluate the damage that free radical production has already caused.

In the course of normal human activity energy production, detoxification of pollutants and immunologic defense mechanisms, free radicals are produced. These free radicals are unstable molecules that can extract an electron from a neighboring molecule, causing damage in the process. Unchecked free radical production accelerates the pathogenesis of human disease and aging. These free radicals are counter-balanced by the anti-oxidants present in our foods (and supplements). Dietary antioxidants (such as proanthocyanidins found in blueberries and bioflavonoids found in citrus fruits), as well as the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase andglutathione peroxidase, provide critical protection against free radical damage. Oxidative stress results when this delicate pro-oxidant/antioxidant equilibriumis disrupted in favor of the pro-oxidant (free radical) state.

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Parasitology x3-Doctor’s Data Kit

Signs and symptoms of parasitic infection vary from one individual to another. The more common signs and symptoms are: constipation, diarrhea, bloating, gas, symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, arthralgias, myalgias, anemia, increased allergic reactions, skin lesions, agitation and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, decreased energy, malnutrition and decreased immune function.

Infection can occur by four different pathways.

These routes include:

• Contaminated food or water
• Insect vectors
• Sexual contact
• Passage through the skin and nose

Most people are inclined to believe that parasitic infection is a rare and exotic occurrence, limited to those who have traveled to distant, tropical lands. However, there has been an increase in the incidence of parasitic infection in this country.

These may include:

• Contamination of the water supply
• Increased use of daycare centers
• Increased travel to, and visits from, countries where parasitic infection is endemic
• Household pets
• Consumption of exotic and uncooked foods
• Antibiotic use
• Changing sexual partners

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Parasitology-Genova Kit

Parasitology is a gastrointestinal test that evaluates stool for the presence of intestinal parasites, using microscopic examination. Though data for intestinal parasitic infection in the US is limited, some research has found one-third of stool specimens to be positive for parasites, peaking seasonally between July and October.

This test is an ideal analysis for patients with sudden changes in bowel pattern, especially those who have been traveling abroad, have been camping, or may have had exposure to untreated water.

The parasitology test can help reveal parasitic infections and enable you to target treatment protocols geared toward infection resolution.

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Pediatric Wellness Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Food allergy is an IgE immune system response that is typically characterized by hives, shortness of breath, upset stomach and in some cases anaphylaxis. The most common food allergies are to nuts, shellfish, wheat and dairy. According to the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, only about 4% of the United States population has a food allergy. The ALCAT Test does not detect Food Allergy.

Food intolerance, on the other hand, is much more common than food allergies and is characterized by digestive disorders, migraines, obesity, chronic fatigue, aching joints, skin disorders and behavioral issues. It has been stated that upwards of 70-80% of the US population has food intolerance. Unfortunately for many, those food intolerance symptoms are often identified as individual problems and treated as such, thus treating the symptoms and not the cause. The Alcat Test is now considered the, “gold standard” laboratory method for identification of non-IgE mediated reactions to foods, chemicals, and other substances.

This panel tests for 50 food intolerances, 10 food additives, 10 food colorings and Candida Albicans (a form of yeast) that can activate the immune system. It measures changes in size and volume of white blood cells in response to challenges with foods. This is a tolerance test, not an allergy test.

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Red Blood Cell (RBC) Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Red blood cell (RBC) analysis is an invaluable method for assessing insufficiency or excess of elements that have important functions within cells or on blood cell membranes. An important feature of this analysis is that the cells are not washed, because this would result in partial loss of some important elements, such as calcium, that bind to the plasma membrane.

Disorders specifically associated with zinc deficiency are also addressed by this analysis. These disorders include loss of visual acuity, dysgeusia, dermatitis and poor wound healing, alopecia, amino acid malabsorption, sexual impotence, decreased production of testosterone, depressed immune function and growth retardation. The absorption, transport and metabolism of essential elements is highly integrated and regulated. Inappropriate supplementation or dietary imbalance of elements can have significant adverse health effects. For example, excess intake of zinc or molybdenum can result in copper deficiency and, although essential, excess retention of manganese can have serious neurotoxic effects.

RBC element analysis is also useful for the assessment of ongoing or very recent exposure to specific toxic elements that accumulate preferentially in erythrocytes. These toxic elements include arsenic, cadmium, lead, methylmercury and thallium. It is important to keep in mind that elevated levels of the toxic elements in these cells reflect only recent or ongoing exposure and do not provide information about the net retention of the metals in the body.

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Toxic & Essential Elements 24 Hour Urine Collection-Doctor’s Data Kit

Acute metal poisoning is rare. More common, however, is a chronic, low-level exposure to toxic metals that can result in significant retention in the body. This can be associated with a vast array of adverse health effects and chronic disease.

Urine toxic and essential elements analysis is an invaluable tool for the assessment of retention of toxic metals in the body and the status of essential nutrient elements. Toxic metals do not have any useful physiological function, adversely affect virtually every organ system and disrupt the homeostasis of nutrient elements.

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Toxic Elements Clearance Urine Profile-Genova Kit

The Toxic Element Clearance Profile is a toxic exposure test which measures urinary excretion of a diverse range of potentially harmful elements. Both well-known toxics such as lead and mercury, and new technology toxins such as niobium are assessed in this toxic element test.

The Toxic Element Clearance Profile offers an advanced, comprehensive assessment of toxic and potentially toxic elements excreted in the urine. In addition to measuring classic elemental toxins, this profile includes elements used in medical, aerospace, nuclear, and high-tech electronic industries. Use of these potential toxins is increasing because of their growing commercial, industrial, and medical applications.

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Toxic Metals 24 Hour Urine Collection (includes Gadolinium)-Doctor’s Data Kit

Urine toxic analysis is an invaluable tool for the assessment of retention of toxic metals in the body. Toxic metals do not have any useful physiological function, adversely affect virtually every organ system and disrupt the balance of nutrient elements.

Urine Elements are traditionally used to evaluate exposure to potentially toxic elements and wasting of nutrient elements. Additionally, the comparison of urine element concentrations before and after administration of a chelator (an agent responsible for removing certain heavy metals from the bloodstream) can be used to estimate net retention of potentially toxic elements. Subsequent urine element analyses, also following the administration of a chelator, are useful for monitoring the desired result of metal detoxification therapy.

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Toxic Metals, Stool (Includes Gadolinium)-Doctor’s Data Kit

Fecal analysis provides a direct indication of dietary exposure to toxic metals and indirect information about the potential for toxic metal burden. Also provides a comprehensive evaluation of environmental exposure, potential for accumulation in the body (Hg), and possibly endogenous detoxification of potentially toxic metals. For many toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, antimony and uranium, biliary excretion into the feces is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. The primary process by which the body eliminates the insidious sulfhydryl reactive metals is through the formation of metal-glutathione complexes, of which greater than 90% are excreted into the bile.

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Toxic Metals, Whole Blood-Genova Kit

Increased exposure to toxic elements is generally reflected by levels in whole blood. This test shows levels of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.

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TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile-Genova Kit

The TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile gives you an easy-to-use option to collect your specimens at home – no blood draw required! With simple finger sticks and an overnight urine collection, the TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile gives you the same quantitative information as the TRIAD® Profile.

Using the synergetic power of the Organix, Amino Acids, and Allergix IgG4 Food Antibodies testing, faster and more effective results are produced. Because targeted, individualized interventions based on the TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile can be more cost-effective than simple protocol-based treatment plans, the TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile represents real value.

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TRIAD® Profile, Blood & Urine-Genova Kit

The TRIAD® Profile – Blood & Urine is a nutritional test that combines three key tests into one diagnostic solution. Imbalances or dysfunction in several metabolic areas can have overlapping and wide-ranging effects on health and play a causative role in many chronic conditions.

The Triad Profile – Blood & Urine assesses amino acids, organic acids, and IgG4 food antibodies and can provide guidelines for customized supplementation and dietary modification to improve health outcomes. Using a central blood draw and in-home overnight urine collection, the TRIAD Profile – Blood & Urine assesses an expanded menu of foods for those patients with suspected complex food sensitivities.

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Urine Amino Acids-Doctor’s Data Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function. Healthy kidneys efficiently conserve crucial amino acids. Many individuals have “hidden” impairments in amino acid metabolism that are problematic and often go undiagnosed.

Amino acid analysis provides fundamental information about nutrient adequacy, including the quality and quantity of dietary protein, digestive disorders, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies—particularly folic acid, B12, B6 metabolism, zinc and magnesium. In addition, amino acid analysis provides important information about hepatic and renal function, availability of precursors of neurotransmitters, detoxification capacity, susceptibility to occlusive arterial disease (homocysteine), and many inherent disorders in amino acid metabolism.

The urine amino acid analysis has the highest probability of detecting abnormalities if kidney function is normal. The 24-hour test indicates what is high and low over the course of a day, reflects blood and tissue amino acid pools, and is not affected by the 24-hour rhythm. Therefore, urine levels of amino acids decrease first and tend to give an earlier indication of inadequacy than do plasma levels.

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Urine Essential Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Many clinicians request the analysis of essential elements in urine specimens to evaluate nutritional status and the efficacy of mineral supplementation during metal detoxification therapy. Metal detoxification agents can significantly increase the excretion of specific nutrient elements such as zinc, copper, manganese and molybdenum.

Chromium metabolism authorities suggest that 24-hour chromium excretion likely provides the best assessment of chromium status. Early indication of renal dysfunction can be gleaned from urinary wasting of essential elements such as magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium in an unprovoked specimen.

Variability in urine volume can drastically affect the concentration of elements. To compensate for urine dilution variation, elements are expressed per unit creatinine for timed collections. For 24-hour collections, elements are reported as both units per 24 hours and units per creatinine.

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Vegetarian Food Panel 150 Items Alcat Panel-Cell Science Systems Kit

Food allergy is an IgE immune system response that is typically characterized by hives, shortness of breath, upset stomach and in some cases anaphylaxis. The most common food allergies are to nuts, shellfish, wheat and dairy. According to the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, only about 4% of the United States population has a food allergy. The ALCAT Test does not detect Food Allergy.

Food intolerance, on the other hand, is much more common than food allergies and is characterized by digestive disorders, migraines, obesity, chronic fatigue, aching joints, skin disorders and behavioral issues. It has been stated that upwards of 70-80% of the US population has food intolerance. Unfortunately for many, those food intolerance symptoms are often identified as individual problems and treated as such, thus treating the symptoms and not the cause. The Alcat Test is now considered the, “gold standard” laboratory method for identification of non-IgE mediated reactions to foods, chemicals, and other substances.

This panel tests for 150 vegetarian food intolerances and other factors that can activate the immune system. It measures changes in size and volume of white blood cells in response to challenges with foods. This is a tolerance test, not an allergy test.

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Whole Blood Elements-Doctor’s Data Kit

Analysis of toxic elements/metals in whole blood is useful for assessment of recent or ongoing exposure to the toxins, but does not provide accurate information about net retention of toxic metals in the body. For example, blood lead levels peak about five hours after acute exposure and then decrease exponentially with a half-life in blood of about one month. Evaluation and elimination of ongoing exposure to toxic metals is another important component of efficient metal detoxification.

Accurate assessment of essential element status in the most appropriate compartment is highly recommended for determination of appropriate supplementation. The absorption, transport and metabolism of essential elements is highly integrated and regulated. Inappropriate supplementation or dietary imbalance of elements can have significant adverse health effects. For example, excess intake of zinc or molybdenum can result in copper deficiency and excess assimilation of manganese can have serious neurotoxic effects that are expressed as Parkinson’s-like disease.

Whole blood analysis is an excellent test for measuring the levels of both intracellular and extracellular circulating elements. Extracellular elements have functions in serum/plasma or are transported to tissues in serum/plasma associated with specific proteins or albumen. Intracellular elements have very specific functions as obligatory constituents of metalloproteins/enzymes in red blood cells and lymphocytes. The red and white blood cells serve as surrogate cells representative of peripheral cells in general. Some essential elements, such as selenium, are portioned in and have important physiological roles in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Likewise, the toxic metal lead is transported in both the fluid and cellular (red blood cells) compartments of blood. Therefore, measurement of elements in both blood compartments permits a more complete evaluation of total blood element levels.

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Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by fat cells that regulate the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Adiponectin influences the body’s response to insulin. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory effects on the cells lining the walls of blood vessels.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), 24 Hour Urine (Without Creatinine)

An early indicator of kidney failure. It measures the tiny amounts of albumin that the body begins to release into the urine several years before significant kidney damage becomes apparent. Albumin is a protein that is produced in the liver. It is present in high concentrations in the blood, but when the kidneys are functioning properly, virtually no albumin is allowed to leak through into the urine. If a person’s kidneys become damaged or diseased, however, they begin to lose their ability to filter proteins out of the urine. This is frequently seen in chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, with increasing amounts of protein in the urine reflecting increasing kidney failure.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), Random Urine (Without Creatinine)

To screen for possible kidney disease/damage.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), Random Urine With Creatinine

The body excretes creatinine at a steady rate, so comparing the ratio of albumin with creatinine in the same urine specimen helps determine if the body is excreting albumin at an increased rate. In most healthy people, the kidneys prevent albumin and other proteins from entering the urine. However, if kidneys are damaged they start to allow albumin to pass from the blood into the urine.

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Albumin, Serum

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is one of the most abundant proteins in your blood. You need a proper balance of albumin to keep fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. It also carries vital nutrients and hormones, and provides your body with the proteins it needs to maintain growth and repair tissue. Abnormal albumin levels may indicate that your kidneys or liver isn’t working correctly and also determine the status of certain medical conditions, including chronic pancreatitis or kidney disease. There may be a loss of albumin in the gastrointestinal tract, in the urine secondary to renal damage or direct loss of albumin through the skin. More than 50% of patients with gluten enteropathy have depressed albumin. The only cause of increased albumin is dehydration; there is no naturally occurring hyperalbuminemia.

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Amino Acid Analysis, LC/MS, Plasma

Amino acids serve many functions including as building blocks for proteins, neurotransmitters, precursors to hormones, and enzyme co-factors. More than 70 disorders of amino acid metabolism have been described. The clinical manifestations of these disorders are diverse.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Plasma-Genova Kit

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma measures levels of key amino acids in blood. Amino acid metabolism may be compromised by common lifestyle and dietary factors, which may result in inadequate levels of amino acids. Plasma amino acid analysis is favored in conditions where the supply of amino acids and precursors is critical, such as in mood and neurobehavioral disorders.

The complete Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma analyzes over 40 analytes and includes:

• Plasma Amino Acid Analysis
• Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids
• Nonessential Protein Amino Acids
• Intermediary Metabolites
• Dietary Peptide Related Markers

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma report configuration provides for easy interpretation and clinically actionable results and includes:

A handy Suggested Supplement Schedule allowing for personalized recommendations based on test results, an Interpretation-At-A-Glance page that provides facts on nutrient function, causes and complications of their deficiencies, as well as dietary sources.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Urine FMV-Genova Kit

The Amino Acids Analysis nutritional test helps to identify metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. Specifically, this nutritional test evaluates dietary protein adequacy and assimilation, as well as metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. With the precise results and comprehensive commentary provided, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic impairments, and amino acid transport disorders can be accurately identified and corrected.

Amino acids comprise the building blocks of all of the body’s structural tissues and hormones. All of these compounds utilize, or derive from, the essential amino acids provided by the diet. Determination of the adequacy of amino acids, proper balance between them, and conversion capability are of paramount importance in preventing illness and getting to the root of many chronic disorders.

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Amino Acids, 20 plasma-Genova Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function.

Collecting a fasting plasma specimen from a client removes recent dietary intake effects. The following factors can reflect changes over time in plasma: Chronic dietary intake, Digestive efficiency, Liver uptake, and Skeletal muscle’s ability to maintain formation of amino acids.

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Amylase, Serum

Amylase helps in the digestion of starches. The major sources of amylase are the pancreas and the salivary glands. The most common cause of elevation of serum amylase is inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). In acute pancreatitis, serum amylase begins to rise within 6-24 hours, remains elevated for a few days and returns to normal in 3-7 days. Other causes of elevated serum amylase are inflammation of salivary glands (mumps), biliary tract disease and bowel obstruction. Elevated serum amylase can also be seen with drugs (e.g., morphine) which constrict the pancreatic duct sphincter preventing excretion of amylase into the intestine.

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Cardio IQ® Insulin Resistance Panel w/score

The determination of insulin in serum is primarily used for the diagnosis of glycemic disorders in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients in the assessment of insulin resistant syndromes. Insulin is synthesized by the pancreatic beta cell as a precursor, proinsulin. Proinsulin is processed to insulin and C-peptide, a contiguous peptide between the insulin A and B chains, as it passes through the cell. The C-peptide in the proinsulin ensures correct folding and processing of proinsulin as it passes through the cell. Both insulin and C-peptide are released together from the beta cells in response to increased glucose levels. Because of differences in half-life and hepatic clearance, peripheral blood levels of C-peptide and insulin are no longer equimolar but remain highly correlated. A steady-state plasma glucose test in individuals undergoing an insulin suppression test to assess insulin resistance found that the combination of insulin and C-peptide was a better indicator of insulin resistance than either one individually.

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Cardio IQ® Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, LC/MS/MS

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Measurement of serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations provide a good index of circulating vitamin D activity in patients not suffering from renal disease. Lower than normal 25-OH vitamin D levels can result from a dietary deficiency, poor absorption of the vitamin or impaired metabolism of the sterol in the liver. A 25-OH vitamin D deficiency can lead to bone diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia. Above normal levels can lead to hypercalcemia.

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CardioPlus + Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) with eAG

CardioPlus and Hemoglobin A1c.

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Chloride, Random Urine without Creatinine

Urine chloride excretion approximates the dietary intake. The chloride content of most foods parallel that of sodium. An increase in urine chloride may result from water deficient dehydration, diabetic acidosis, Addison’s disease, and salt-losing renal disease. Decreased urine levels are seen in congestive heart failure, severe diaphoresis and in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis due to prolonged vomiting.

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Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP-14)

A broad screening test used to evaluate organ function and electrolyte balance as well as aid in the diagnosis of conditions such as diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. This test is also useful for people receiving treatment for conditions which affect the liver or kidneys.

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Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP) + Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) with eAG

CWP and Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c).

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Copeptin

The Copeptin test is used in the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus and in the differential diagnosis of central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It is a reliable surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin (AVP).

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C-Peptide, Serum

C-Peptide can be used to monitor insulin production in the body, blood sugar disorders, and the activity of tumors that secrete insulin. It can also help determine if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Type 1 = your body doesn’t make insulin. Type 2 = either your body doesn’t make enough insulin or your cells ignore it). If you have diabetes, the C-peptide test can show how well your treatment is working.

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Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine.

The creatinine clearance test compares the creatinine level in a 24-hour urine sample with the creatinine level in your blood. This measures kidney function and helps estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the amount of blood cleaned by tiny kidney filters called glomeruli each minute.

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Creatinine, Serum

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine. This test is used to determine if your kidneys are functioning normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease. High levels could be caused by kidney disease, a blockage in your urinary system, muscle disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, dehydration, overactive thyroid gland, or shock. Low levels could be caused by muscle loss, severe liver disease, or not enough protein in your diet.

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Cystatin C with Glomerular Filtration Rate, Estimated (eGFR)

Your body makes cystatin C constantly, and the protein is found in different fluids, including blood, spinal fluid, and breast milk. When your kidneys are healthy, they filter cystatin C out of the blood so it can be excreted in your urine.

Cystatin C may be used as an alternative to creatinine and creatinine clearance to screen for and monitor kidney dysfunction in those with known or suspected kidney disease. It may be especially useful in those cases where creatinine measurement is not appropriate, for instance, in those who have liver cirrhosis, are very obese, are malnourished, or have reduced muscle mass. Higher levels of cystatin C may also be caused by diabetes, cancer, HIV, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.

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Diabetes Package

CMP and Hemoglobin A1c.

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Fructosamine

Reflects average glucose levels over a 2 to 3 week time period.
If someone’s fructosamine is increased, then their average glucose over the previous 2 to 3 weeks has been elevated. In general, the higher the fructosamine concentration, the higher the average blood glucose level. High levels of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and hyperthyroidism can interfere with test results.

Both fructosamine and A1C tests are used primarily as monitoring tools to help people with diabetes control their blood sugar. However, the A1C test is much more popular and much more widely accepted because there are firm data that a chronically elevated A1c level predicts an increased risk for certain diabetic complications, such as retinopathy (possibly leading to blindness), nephropathy (possibly leading to kidney failure), and neuropathy (e.g., problems with the nerves). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recognizes both tests and states that fructosamine may be useful in situations where A1C cannot be reliably measured.

Instances where fructosamine may be a better monitoring choice than A1C include:

Rapid changes in diabetes treatment – Fructosamine allows the effectiveness of diet or medication adjustments to be evaluated after a few weeks rather than months.

Diabetic pregnancy – In diabetic women who are pregnant, good glycemic control is essential during pregnancy, and the needs of the mother frequently change during gestation; fructosamine measurements may be ordered along with glucose levels to help monitor and accommodate shifting glucose, insulin, or other medication requirements.

Shortened RBC life span – An A1C test will not be accurate when a person has a condition that affects the average life span of red blood cells (RBCs), such as hemolytic anemia or blood loss. If the RBCs don’t live as long as normal in the circulation, the A1c result will be falsely lowered and will be an unreliable measurement of a person’s average glucose.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin – The presence of some hemoglobin variants (such as sickle hemoglobin) may affect certain methods for measuring A1c. In these cases, fructosamine can be used to monitor glucose control.

Since the fructosamine concentrations of people with well-controlled diabetes may overlap with those of people who are not diabetic, the fructosamine test is not useful as a screening test for diabetes.

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GAD65, IA-2, and Insulin Autoantibody

Diabetes Antibody Panel.

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Glucagon

Glucagon helps your liver break down the food you eat to make glucose. Glucagon works with your liver to turn a type of stored sugar called glycogen into glucose. Glucose goes from your liver into your blood to give you energy. Glucagon can tell your liver not to take in too much glucose from the food you eat and to release stored sugar into your blood instead. This can keep your glucose levels steady.
If your blood sugar dips too low, your pancreas releases glucagon to tell your liver to make more glucose.

Glucagon measurement is useful primarily when considering a glucagon-secreting tumor of the pancreas. Glucagon is also used to diagnose glucagon deficiency in patients with hypoglycemia.

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Glucose, Plasma

Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. This test may be used to screen for both high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), help diagnose diabetes, and to monitor glucose levels in persons with diabetes. Serum glucose has been found to be 2-5% higher than plasma glucose.

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Glucose, Serum

To measure the amount of glucose in the blood at the time of sample collection.

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Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65)Antibody

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) is an enzyme that is produced primarily by pancreatic islet cells. This is one of the most commonly detected autoantibodies in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics (about 70-80%). Generally used to confirm type 1 diabetes and ruling out type 2 diabetes.

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Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

GGT is an enzyme found in many organs such as the kidney, spleen, and pancreas. However, the main source of GGT is the liver. GGT is used to help detect liver disease and bile duct obstructions. Elevated GGT levels may be caused by liver disease, congestive heart failure, alcohol consumption and/or other conditions. While increased levels may indicate that the liver is being damaged, it does not specifically point to what may be causing the injury.

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Glycohemoglobin (GHb), Total

A useful test to reassure the client who is well controlled, and to assess the status of insufficiently controlled patients. Measurement of glycated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography permits better differentiation of the degree of blood glucose control among diabetics than does hemoglobin A1c or hemoglobin A1 measurements.

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GlycoMark®

FDA-approved blood test for monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutics targeting postprandial glucose (PPG). GlycoMark® monitors mealtime spikes over 2 day to 2 weeks and provides a more rapid and sensitive response to hyperglycemia than A1c.

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Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) With eAG

This non-fasting test, also known as A1c, HbA1c, or Glycated hemoglobin, indicates how well you have controlled your diabetes over the last few months. Even though you may have some very high or very low blood glucose values, Hemoglobin A1C will give you a picture of the average amount of glucose in your blood over that time period. While the Hemoglobin A1C is the standard tool to determine blood sugar control for patients with diabetes, it is not a substitute for daily, routine blood glucose testing.

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Hemoglobin A1c-Ayumetrix Kit

Hemoglobin A1C is a form of hemoglobin (a blood pigment that carries oxygen) that is bound to glucose. Blood HbA1c levels are reflective of how well diabetes is controlled. The normal range for level for hemoglobin A1c is less than 6%. HbA1c levels are reflective of blood glucose levels over the past six to eight weeks and do not reflect daily ups and downs of blood glucose. High HbA1c levels indicate poorer control of diabetes than levels in the normal range.

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Insulin

Insulin is the hormone that enables cells to take in glucose. Without insulin, glucose can’t get into the cells and it stays in the bloodstream. With too little insulin, blood sugar remains higher than normal (a condition known as hyperglycemia) and cells can’t get the energy they need. With too much insulin, blood sugar decreases (hypoglycemia), causing symptoms such as sweating, trembling, lightheadedness, and in extreme cases, shock.

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Kidney Profile, Extended

CMP, CBC, Lipid Panel, PTH Intact and Urinalysis.

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Lactate/Pyruvate

The blood lactate to pyruvate (L:P) ratio is used to distinguish between pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency and other causes of congenital lactic acidosis. Congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) is a rare disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that affect the ability of cells to use energy and cause too much lactic acid to build up in the body, a condition called lactic acidosis.

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Lipid Profile + Glucose, Serum

Lipid Profile and Glucose.

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Magnesium, RBC

Magnesium is a mineral that is important for strong bones & muscles, heart health, energy production, and nerve function. Magnesium levels are typically checked to evaluate kidney function, aid in the diagnosis of certain gastrointestinal disorders, or determine the severity of uncontrolled diabetes. Magnesium deficiency can be associated with malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and alcoholism.

A Magnesium RBC test can provide an earlier indicator of Magnesium deficiency than a standard Magnesium blood test. When levels are low, the body will pull Magnesium from the cells to keep blood levels normal. In this case a Magnesium blood test may show normal levels while a Magnesium RBC test will give a more accurate result.

This test is typically ordered when someone is experiencing symptoms associated with Magnesium deficiency such as weakness or cramping in the muscles, confusion, seizures, or cardiac arrhythmia’s. Magnesium levels are typically checked when someone has a disorder which affects the kidneys. It may also be ordered to monitor people who are taking Magnesium supplements.

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Magnesium, Serum

This mineral is particularly important to nerves and muscles. Low magnesium is found in malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, and more. High magnesium is seen in kidney failure.

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Protein, Total, 24-Hour Urine without Creatinine

Helps evaluate and monitor kidney function, and to detect kidney damage.

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Protein, Total, Random Urine with Creatinine

Used to help detect and diagnose early kidney damage and disease.

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Protein, Total, Serum

Proteins are important building blocks of all cells and tissues; they are important for body growth, development, and health. They form the structural part of most organs and make up enzymes and hormones that regulate body functions. Total protein measurements can reflect nutritional status and may be used to screen for and help diagnose kidney disease, liver disease, and many other conditions.

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QuestAssureD™ 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (D2, D3)-March Test Of The Month

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Renal Function Panel (Kidney)

Routine blood tests are especially important for early detection of kidney disorders. They detect blood or protein and abnormal chemical levels in the blood, which are early signs of kidney disorder and failure.

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Sodium, 24-Hour Urine Without Creatinine

One of the major salts in the body fluid, sodium is important in the body’s water balance and the electrical activity of nerves and muscles.

The excretion of sodium varies with dietary intake. There is a diurnal variation of sodium excretion with excretion being greater during daytime than during the night. Decreased levels are seen in congestive heart failure, excessive sweating, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, malabsorption and primary aldosteronism. Increased levels may be due to increased salt intake, failure of the adrenal glands, diabetic acidosis, salt losing renal disease, diuretic therapy and water deprivation dehydration.

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Sodium, Random Urine without Creatinine

The excretion of sodium varies with dietary intake. There is a diurnal variation of sodium excretion with excretion being greater during daytime than during the night. Decreased levels are seen in congestive heart failure, excessive sweating, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, malabsorption and primary aldosteronism. Increased levels may be due to increased salt intake, failure of the adrenal glands, diabetic acidosis, salt losing renal disease and water deficient dehydration.

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Telomere Length Test (Add-On Only)-Cell Science Systems Kit

According to scientific research, telomere shortening may contribute to aging and age-related conditions. Telomeres are segments of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes. They can be prematurely shortened when exposed to environmental chemicals, oxidation, inflammation, and stress. This leads to DNA damage and contributes to early cell death.

Shorter telomeres have been associated with cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cognitive decline, and other chronic degenerative conditions associated with aging.

Inflammation is associated with aging and telomere shortening. Telomeres become shorter after each cell division until eventually chromosomal DNA reaches a critical point at which the cell can no longer divide (known as the Hayflick limit). The loss of this protective telomere “armor” renders DNA vulnerable to damage and may result in an individual’s increased risk for accelerated aging and associated health conditions. If telomeres are maintained, then termination of cell division (senescence) and programmed cell death (apoptosis) can be delayed.

The test analyzes your average telomere length in white blood cells compared to the normal reference range for your age-matched population.

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Telomere Length Test-Cell Science Systems Kit

Analyzes your average telomere length in white blood cells.

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Urea Nitrogen, Serum (BUN)

Used to monitor kidney function in patients with chronic diseases or conditions such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction (heart attack). It is also used to monitor the effectiveness of dialysis.

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Urinalysis, Complete with Microscopic Examination

This panel is useful in the evaluation of conditions such as urinary tract infection, dehydration, and kidney stones. Dipstick urinalysis is important in accessing the chemical constituents in the urine and the relationship to various disease states. Microscopic examination helps to detect the presence of cells and other formed elements.

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Urine Amino Acids-Doctor’s Data Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function. Healthy kidneys efficiently conserve crucial amino acids. Many individuals have “hidden” impairments in amino acid metabolism that are problematic and often go undiagnosed.

Amino acid analysis provides fundamental information about nutrient adequacy, including the quality and quantity of dietary protein, digestive disorders, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies—particularly folic acid, B12, B6 metabolism, zinc and magnesium. In addition, amino acid analysis provides important information about hepatic and renal function, availability of precursors of neurotransmitters, detoxification capacity, susceptibility to occlusive arterial disease (homocysteine), and many inherent disorders in amino acid metabolism.

The urine amino acid analysis has the highest probability of detecting abnormalities if kidney function is normal. The 24-hour test indicates what is high and low over the course of a day, reflects blood and tissue amino acid pools, and is not affected by the 24-hour rhythm. Therefore, urine levels of amino acids decrease first and tend to give an earlier indication of inadequacy than do plasma levels.

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Viscosity, Serum

High serum viscosity may be most commonly observed in patients with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma. Patients with high viscosity may have capillary occlusion, stasis hypoxia, and acidosis.

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Vitamin D (25 OH D2 & D3) Bloodspot-Doctor’s Data Kit

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, known for its role in bone health and calcium absorption, also appears to affect immune function, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular issues, and other conditions. Vitamin D occurs in two forms—D3 is obtained from animal diet sources and through sun exposure, and D2 is obtained through vegetable diet sources. Both forms of the vitamin are used to fortify various foods and in supplements. Doctor’s Data uses the gold standard LC/MS QQQ method to measure Vitamin D2, D3 and total Vitamin D.

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Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy, LC/MS/MS (Calcitriol)

1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol) is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone. Levels may be high in primary hyperparathyroidism and may be decreased in hypoparathyroidism and chronic renal failure.

This test measures the bioactive form of vitamin D. It is used in the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and to monitor patients with renal osteodystrophy or chronic renal failure. This test is not suitable for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and monitoring supplementation in most patients. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D test is the recommended test for those purposes.

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Vitamin D, 25 Hydroxy

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Vitamin D-Ayumetrix Kit

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin critical to calcium absorption which helps in bone growth, density, and strength. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become brittle or misshapen. Varying levels of vitamin D in the blood are associated with common variants in the following genes: (1) GC (transports vitamin D to organs), (2) NADSYN1/DHCR7 (needed for bioavailability of the vitamin D precursor molecule), and (3) CYP2R1 (helps convert inactive vitamin D to it’s active form). Maintaining adequate levels of Vitamin D has been shown to benefit patients in the maintenance of bone health for osteoporosis treatment, and in the prevention
of fractures.

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Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibody

ZnT8 antibody is the most recently discovered diabetes-related major autoantibody. ZnT8As are detectable in a proportion of patients with adult-onset autoimmune diabetes and seem to be a valuable marker to differentiate clinical phenotypes.

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17-Hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-Ketosteroids, 24-hour urine

17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) is a product formed when the liver and other body tissues break down the steroid hormone, cortisol.

This test can help determine if the body is producing too much of the hormone, cortisol. The test may be used to diagnose Cushing syndrome. This is a disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of cortisol.

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17-Hydroxyprogesterone, LC/MS/MS

17-hydroxyprogesterone is elevated in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH is a group of autosomal recessive diseases characterized by a deficiency of cortisol and an excess of ACTH concentration. 17-hydroxyprogesterone is also useful in monitoring cortisol replacement therapy and in evaluating infertility and adrenal and ovarian neoplasms.

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Adrenal Function Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of adrenal function and includes 4 cortisol levels timed throughout the day as well as DHEA. Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include:

Fatigue
Nervousness
Weakness
Sugar cravings
Insomnia
Dizzy spells
Headaches
Decreased stamina
Irritability
Fibromyalgia
Anxiety/Depression

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Adrenal Stress 24 Hr-Sabre Science Kit

The six-point cortisol and DHEA results provide the ability to find problems with the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called “supradrenal”) glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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Adrenal Stress Panel-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva testing for DHEA and diurnal cortisol levels at 4 time points during the day is a comprehensive test that can assess full adrenal function. By reviewing test results, your healthcare provider can:

• Identify adrenal imbalances caused by too much or too little hormone
• Match tested hormone levels with your symptoms to help individualize a treatment plan
• Retest to monitor and adjust treatment as needed
• Track progress with follow-up test reports

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Adrenocortex Stress Profile-Genova Kit

The Adrenocortex Stress Profile (ASP) provides an assessment of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis using carefully timed salivary samples of the hormones cortisol and DHEA. Salivary testing is an easy, non-invasive option to measure unbound, biologically active parent hormone levels.

The Adrenocortex Stress Profile is a convenient, noninvasive salivary assay that evaluates the bioactive levels and interrelationship of the body’s important stress hormones, cortisol and DHEA. This profile serves as an insightful tool for uncovering biochemical imbalances that can be associated with anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, obesity, dysglycemia, and a host of other clinical conditions.

There is no ideal specimen type for measuring hormones since there are advantages to each, depending on clinical goals. In the case of stress hormones, the majority of circulating hormones are bound to proteins and are biologically inert. Salivary testing assesses unbound, biologically-active levels of Cortisol and DHEA.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Plasma

The key function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenals to release cortisol, a key factor in many functions in the body’s metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and protein as well as blood pressure. ACTH levels in the blood are measured to help detect, diagnose, and monitor conditions associated with excessive or deficient cortisol in the body. Determination of ACTH is useful in differentiating between primary and secondary adrenocortical hypo- and hyperfunctional disorders: Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal carcinoma, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and adrenal nodular hyperplasia.

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Aldosterone, 24-Hour Urine

Aldosterone, an adrenal cortex hormone, is the major regulator of sodium and potassium excretion. Production is modulated largely by the renin-angiotensin system in response to changes in sodium balance and renal blood flow. Urine aldosterone excretion is commonly increased in secondary (high renin) states of heart failure or liver or renal disease. In primary hyperaldosteronism due to autonomous adrenal secretion, urine aldosterone is increased and plasma renin is suppressed. Aldosterone excretion is reduced in Addison disease and in hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism caused by renal disorders. The major urinary aldosterone metabolite is aldosterone-18 glucuronide. Measurement of aldosterone in urine, corrected for creatinine, provides an estimate of secretion rate over a 24-hour period.

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Aldosterone, Serum, LC/MS/MS

Aldosterone is a hormone that plays an important role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in blood and in controlling blood volume and blood pressure. An Aldosterone test is used to help identify fluid and electrolyte disorders, high blood pressure that is hard to control or occurs at a young age, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure caused by standing up), overproduction of aldosterone, and adrenal insufficiency (underactive adrenal glands). High levels are called hyperaldosteronism which can increase blood sodium and lower blood potassium. Low levels are called hypoaldosteronism which can cause low blood pressure, dehydration, low sodium levels, and low potassium levels. Approximately 1-2% of individuals with primary hypertension have primary hyperaldosteronism characterized by hypokalemia (low potassium) and low direct renin.

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Aldosterone/Plasma Renin Activity Ratio

Aldosterone and Renin tests evaluate whether the adrenal glands are producing enough amounts of aldosterone and to differentiate between the likely causes of excess or deficiency.

Both aldosterone and renin levels are highest in the morning and vary throughout the day. They are affected by the body’s position, by stress, and by a variety of prescribed medications.

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Androstenedione, LC/MS/MS

Androstenedione is useful when evaluating patients with androgen excess and managing patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Androstenedione is a steroid that produces masculine characteristics and is produced by the testes, adrenal cortex and ovaries. This test may also be used when anabolic steroid abuse is suspected.

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Catecholamines, Fractionated, 24-Hour Urine without Creatinine

Catecholamines are neurotransmitters and include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These proteins help control a variety of functions, including:

• muscle tone
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• glucose (sugar) metabolism

Catecholamines are primarily produced in your adrenal glands. Levels fluctuate in response to physical/emotional stress, outside temperature, blood loss, exercise, low blood sugar, and going from seated to standing, or vice versa

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Catecholamines, Fractionated, Random Urine

Creatinine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, and Total Catecholamines (calculated).

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Comprehensive Hormone Profile-Labrix Kit

The Comprehensive Hormone Panel is the starting point for initial assessment of hormonal status and endocrine function and includes estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone, DHEA and four cortisols. This panel is useful with male and female patients because it looks at the full diurnal cortisol pattern; it is especially important in patients who are experiencing the following symptoms in addition to the symptoms listed for the Basic Hormone Panel:

• Weight gain
• Multiple chemical sensitivity
• High blood sugar
• Elevated lipids (cholesterol and/or triglycerides)
• Insomnia
• Chronic fatigue
• Fibromyalgia

Estrogens: There are three forms made by the body: estrone, estradiol and estriol. The form used in past hormone replacement therapies is estradiol, often in the form of concentrated pregnant mare’s urine (premarin). It is a proliferative (causes growth) hormone that grows the lining of the uterus. It is also a known cancer-causing hormone: breast and endometrial (uterine) in women and prostate gland in men. It will treat menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, insomnia and memory-loss. With the bio-identical formulas estriol is matched with estradiol (biest) to provide protective effects and additional estrogenic benefits. The other major protector in keeping estradiol from running amok is progesterone. Estrone and estriol are also useful hormones to test.

Progesterone: Called the anti-estrogen because it balances estradiol’s proliferative effects. It is considered preventive for breast and prostate cancers as well as osteoporosis. In addition, too little progesterone promotes depression, irritability, increased inflammation, irregular menses, breast tenderness, urinary frequency and prostate gland enlargement (BPH).

Testosterone: An anabolic hormone (builds tissue) that is essential for men and women. The proper level of testosterone is necessary for bone health, muscle strength, stamina, sex drive and performance, heart function and mental focus.

DHEA: An important adrenal gland hormone, which is essential for energy production and blood sugar balance. DHEA is a precursor to other hormones, mainly testosterone.

Cortisol: Your waking day hormone (highest in the morning and lowest at night). It is necessary for energy production, blood sugar metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and stress response.

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Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) Add-on only-Labrix Kit

CAR is the natural rise in cortisol that is seen 30 to 40 minutes after awakening followed by a noticeable drop by 60 minutes. CAR is influenced by overall HPA reactivity, as well as a person’s anticipation of stress.

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Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR)-Labrix Kit

Influenced by overall HPA reactivity and a person’s anticipation of stress.

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Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR)-Precision Analytical, Inc. Kit

Upon waking, cortisol levels naturally begin to rise by an average of 50%. 30 minutes after waking, cortisol levels will still show this sharp increase. By 60 minutes after waking, cortisol levels have peaked and begin to decline. Measuring this rise and fall of cortisol levels at waking can be used as a “mini stress test”. Research shows that the size of this increase correlates with HPA-axis function, even if the sample measurements are all within range. A quick saturation of saliva swabs upon waking, and at 30 and 60 minutes after waking, provide what is required to assess a client’s Cortisol Awakening Response.

Order Here

 

Cortisol Plus-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva cortisol levels at 2 time points during the day is a test that can assess adrenal function.

Order Here

 

Cortisol, AM

Cortisol is also known as the “stress hormone” because of its connection to the stress response, however, it’s much more than just a hormone released during stress. Cortisol can help control glucose levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on the body’s salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure. In women, cortisol also supports the developing fetus during pregnancy. Heat, cold, infection, trauma, stress, exercise, obesity, and debilitating disease can influence cortisol levels. The hormone is secreted in a daily pattern rising in the early morning, peaking around 8 am, and declining in the evening. This pattern, which is sometimes called the “diurnal variation” or “circadian rhythm” changes if you work irregular shifts (such as the night shift) and sleep at different times of the day.

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Cortisol, Free and Cortisone, 24 Hr with Creatinine

Urinary free cortisol is useful in the detection of patients with Cushing’s syndrome for whom free cortisol concentrations are elevated.

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Cortisol, Free and Total, LC/MS

Useful in detection of patients w/Cushing’s syndrome for whom free cortisol is high.

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Cortisol, Free, 24-Hour Urine

Screen test for Cushing’s Syndrome and to rule out Addison’s Disease.

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Cortisol, PM

To detect excess or deficient cortisol production.

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Cortisol, total

In addition to being called as “the stress hormone”, cortisol helps in proper glucose metabolism, converting sugars into energy. High cortisol levels in men have been associated with hyperglycemia, weight gain, compromised immune function and high blood pressure. Cortisol imbalance is known to result in conditions like irritability, fatigue, depression, foggy thinking, weight gain and bone loss. Stress reducing activities including meditation and breathing exercise have been recommended to relieve stress levels and avoid premature aging.

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Cortisol-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Cortisol x1.

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DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone), Unconjugated, LC/MS/MS

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a master, or parent, hormone that your body changes into a hormone called androstenedione. Your body then converts androstenedione into the major female and male hormones. The levels of this steroid increase before the onset of puberty and decrease significantly with age. It is the most abundant steroid in the bloodstream and is present at even higher levels in brain tissue. Your body produces DHEA primarily in the morning hours, and your kidneys secrete it quickly. DHEAs, however, remains in your body much longer.

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DHEA,s (Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate) Hormone

DHEA-S is the child hormone of DHEA and serves as a building block for making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. Your body produces DHEA primarily in the morning hours, and your kidneys secrete this DHEA quickly. DHEA-S, however, remains in your body much longer.

DHEA-s concentrations peak after puberty and then the levels tend to decline with age. Adrenal tumors, cancers, and adrenal hyperplasia can lead to the overproduction of DHEA-s. The rate of secretion of DHEA-S into the bloodstream is only slightly more than the rate observed for DHEA.

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DHEA-S-Ayumetrix Kit

DHEA is produced by the adrenal glands and is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogens. DHEA is also a neurohormone as small quantities are produced in the brain. It has a broad spectrum of benefits including improved energy, mood, memory, increased testosterone levels, enhanced libido and immune function. In men, low DHEA levels can cause low libido, reduced muscle mass and strength, depression fatigue and compromised immune function. In woman, DHEA is known to balance other hormones like estrogens, progesterone and testosterone. Low DHEA levels can cause weight gain, depression fatigue and low libido.

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Diurnal Cortisol Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of adrenal function and includes 4 cortisol levels timed throughout the day. Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include:

• Fatigue
• Nervousness
• Weakness
• Sugar cravings
• Insomnia
• Dizzy spells
• Headaches
• Decreased stamina
• Irritability
• Fibromyalgia
• Anxiety/Depression

Order Here

 

Diurnal Cortisol-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Cortisol x4.

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DUTCH Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

This test combines the pattern of free cortisol throughout the day with the metabolites of cortisol (as well as DHEAS).

Order Here

 

DUTCH Complete-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

The most comprehensive analysis of sex and adrenal hormones. This profile includes the DUTCH Adrenal and Sex Hormone Metabolite as well as an overnight melatonin measurement.

Order Here

 

DUTCH Cycle Mapping + Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

DUTCH Cycle Mapping+Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc Kit.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping + DUTCH Complete-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

Estrogen and Progesterone throughout menstrual cycle + Comprehensive Cortisol test + Sex Hormone Metabolites + Melatonin.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping™-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

Estrogen and Progesterone throughout menstrual cycle.

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DUTCH Plus™ (Complete + CAR)-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

The DUTCH Plus™ takes hormone testing to a whole new level. In addition to sex hormones and their metabolites, the DUTCH Complete™ looks at the overall diurnal pattern of free cortisol, and the total and distribution of cortisol metabolites. The DUTCH Plus™ adds the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) to bring another important piece of the HPA axis into focus. The client collection is 4 easy-to-collect dried urine samples collected on filter paper devices and five saliva samples.

Analytes Included: Metabolites of Estrogens (8, including E1, E2, E3, 2-OHE1, 4-OH-E1, 16-OH-E1, 2-methoxy-E1), Androgen (8, including Testosterone, DHT and DHEA-S), Progesterone (2), Cortisol (3), and Melatonin (6OHMS) and 8-OHdG. The diurnal pattern of Free Cortisol and Cortisone are also provided, including the Cortisol Awakening Response.

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DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolites-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

A comprehensive analysis of estrogen, androgen and progesterone metabolites. The DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolites is the ultimate test for HRT monitoring and great for baseline measurements as well. It is a unique method for more accurate vaginal hormone and oral progesterone monitoring. This test is run on GC-MS/MS.

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NeuroAdrenal Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of HPA axis function. Included is a full diurnal cortisol pattern, DHEA, and 6 primary neurotransmitters (inhibitory and excitatory). Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include those shown for the Adrenal Function panel plus:

• Mood disorders, depression, anxiety
• Addiction, dependency
• Chronic illness, immune deficiency
• Low libido, sexual dysfunction

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17-Hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-Ketosteroids, 24-hour urine

17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) is a product formed when the liver and other body tissues break down the steroid hormone, cortisol.

This test can help determine if the body is producing too much of the hormone, cortisol. The test may be used to diagnose Cushing syndrome. This is a disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of cortisol.

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17-Hydroxyprogesterone, LC/MS/MS

17-hydroxyprogesterone is elevated in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH is a group of autosomal recessive diseases characterized by a deficiency of cortisol and an excess of ACTH concentration. 17-hydroxyprogesterone is also useful in monitoring cortisol replacement therapy and in evaluating infertility and adrenal and ovarian neoplasms.

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Adrenal Function Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of adrenal function and includes 4 cortisol levels timed throughout the day as well as DHEA. Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include:

• Fatigue
• Nervousness
• Weakness
• Sugar cravings
• Insomnia
• Dizzy spells
• Headaches
• Decreased stamina
• Irritability
• Fibromyalgia
• Anxiety/Depression

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Adrenal Stress 24 Hr-Sabre Science Kit

The six-point cortisol and DHEA results provide the ability to find problems with the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called “supradrenal”) glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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Adrenal Stress Panel-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva testing for DHEA and diurnal cortisol levels at 4 time points during the day is a comprehensive test that can assess full adrenal function. By reviewing test results, your healthcare provider can:

• Identify adrenal imbalances caused by too much or too little hormone
• Match tested hormone levels with your symptoms to help individualize a treatment plan
• Retest to monitor and adjust treatment as needed
• Track progress with follow-up test reports

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Adrenocortex Stress Profile-Genova Kit

The Adrenocortex Stress Profile (ASP) provides an assessment of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis using carefully timed salivary samples of the hormones cortisol and DHEA. Salivary testing is an easy, non-invasive option to measure unbound, biologically active parent hormone levels.

The Adrenocortex Stress Profile is a convenient, noninvasive salivary assay that evaluates the bioactive levels and interrelationship of the body’s important stress hormones, cortisol and DHEA. This profile serves as an insightful tool for uncovering biochemical imbalances that can be associated with anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, obesity, dysglycemia, and a host of other clinical conditions.

There is no ideal specimen type for measuring hormones since there are advantages to each, depending on clinical goals. In the case of stress hormones, the majority of circulating hormones are bound to proteins and are biologically inert. Salivary testing assesses unbound, biologically-active levels of Cortisol and DHEA.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Plasma

The key function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenals to release cortisol, a key factor in many functions in the body’s metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and protein as well as blood pressure. ACTH levels in the blood are measured to help detect, diagnose, and monitor conditions associated with excessive or deficient cortisol in the body. Determination of ACTH is useful in differentiating between primary and secondary adrenocortical hypo- and hyperfunctional disorders: Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal carcinoma, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and adrenal nodular hyperplasia.

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Aldosterone, 24-Hour Urine

Aldosterone, an adrenal cortex hormone, is the major regulator of sodium and potassium excretion. Production is modulated largely by the renin-angiotensin system in response to changes in sodium balance and renal blood flow. Urine aldosterone excretion is commonly increased in secondary (high renin) states of heart failure or liver or renal disease. In primary hyperaldosteronism due to autonomous adrenal secretion, urine aldosterone is increased and plasma renin is suppressed. Aldosterone excretion is reduced in Addison disease and in hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism caused by renal disorders. The major urinary aldosterone metabolite is aldosterone-18 glucuronide. Measurement of aldosterone in urine, corrected for creatinine, provides an estimate of secretion rate over a 24-hour period.

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Aldosterone, Serum, LC/MS/MS

Aldosterone is a hormone that plays an important role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in blood and in controlling blood volume and blood pressure. An Aldosterone test is used to help identify fluid and electrolyte disorders, high blood pressure that is hard to control or occurs at a young age, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure caused by standing up), overproduction of aldosterone, and adrenal insufficiency (underactive adrenal glands). High levels are called hyperaldosteronism which can increase blood sodium and lower blood potassium. Low levels are called hypoaldosteronism which can cause low blood pressure, dehydration, low sodium levels, and low potassium levels. Approximately 1-2% of individuals with primary hypertension have primary hyperaldosteronism characterized by hypokalemia (low potassium) and low direct renin.

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Aldosterone/Plasma Renin Activity Ratio

Aldosterone and Renin tests evaluate whether the adrenal glands are producing enough amounts of aldosterone and to differentiate between the likely causes of excess or deficiency.

Both aldosterone and renin levels are highest in the morning and vary throughout the day. They are affected by the body’s position, by stress, and by a variety of prescribed medications.

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Androstenedione, LC/MS/MS

Androstenedione is useful when evaluating patients with androgen excess and managing patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Androstenedione is a steroid that produces masculine characteristics and is produced by the testes, adrenal cortex and ovaries. This test may also be used when anabolic steroid abuse is suspected.

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Catecholamines, Fractionated, 24-Hour Urine without Creatinine

Catecholamines are neurotransmitters and include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These proteins help control a variety of functions, including:

• muscle tone
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• glucose (sugar) metabolism

Catecholamines are primarily produced in your adrenal glands. Levels fluctuate in response to physical/emotional stress, outside temperature, blood loss, exercise, low blood sugar, and going from seated to standing, or vice versa

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Catecholamines, Fractionated, Random Urine

Creatinine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, and Total Catecholamines (calculated).

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Comprehensive Hormone Profile-Labrix Kit

The Comprehensive Hormone Panel is the starting point for initial assessment of hormonal status and endocrine function and includes estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone, DHEA and four cortisols. This panel is useful with male and female patients because it looks at the full diurnal cortisol pattern; it is especially important in patients who are experiencing the following symptoms in addition to the symptoms listed for the Basic Hormone Panel:

• Weight gain
• Multiple chemical sensitivity
• High blood sugar
• Elevated lipids (cholesterol and/or triglycerides)
• Insomnia
• Chronic fatigue
• Fibromyalgia

Estrogens: There are three forms made by the body: estrone, estradiol and estriol. The form used in past hormone replacement therapies is estradiol, often in the form of concentrated pregnant mare’s urine (premarin). It is a proliferative (causes growth) hormone that grows the lining of the uterus. It is also a known cancer-causing hormone: breast and endometrial (uterine) in women and prostate gland in men. It will treat menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, insomnia and memory-loss. With the bio-identical formulas estriol is matched with estradiol (biest) to provide protective effects and additional estrogenic benefits. The other major protector in keeping estradiol from running amok is progesterone. Estrone and estriol are also useful hormones to test.

Progesterone: Called the anti-estrogen because it balances estradiol’s proliferative effects. It is considered preventive for breast and prostate cancers as well as osteoporosis. In addition, too little progesterone promotes depression, irritability, increased inflammation, irregular menses, breast tenderness, urinary frequency and prostate gland enlargement (BPH).

Testosterone: An anabolic hormone (builds tissue) that is essential for men and women. The proper level of testosterone is necessary for bone health, muscle strength, stamina, sex drive and performance, heart function and mental focus.

DHEA: An important adrenal gland hormone, which is essential for energy production and blood sugar balance. DHEA is a precursor to other hormones, mainly testosterone.

Cortisol: Your waking day hormone (highest in the morning and lowest at night). It is necessary for energy production, blood sugar metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and stress response.

Order Here

 

Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) Add-on only-Labrix Kit

CAR is the natural rise in cortisol that is seen 30 to 40 minutes after awakening followed by a noticeable drop by 60 minutes. CAR is influenced by overall HPA reactivity, as well as a person’s anticipation of stress.

Order Here

 

Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR)-Labrix Kit

Influenced by overall HPA reactivity and a person’s anticipation of stress.

Order Here

 

Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR)-Precision Analytical, Inc. Kit

Upon waking, cortisol levels naturally begin to rise by an average of 50%. 30 minutes after waking, cortisol levels will still show this sharp increase. By 60 minutes after waking, cortisol levels have peaked and begin to decline. Measuring this rise and fall of cortisol levels at waking can be used as a “mini stress test”. Research shows that the size of this increase correlates with HPA-axis function, even if the sample measurements are all within range. A quick saturation of saliva swabs upon waking, and at 30 and 60 minutes after waking, provide what is required to assess a client’s Cortisol Awakening Response.

Order Here

 

Cortisol Plus-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva cortisol levels at 2 time points during the day is a test that can assess adrenal function.

Order Here

 

Cortisol, AM

Cortisol is also known as the “stress hormone” because of its connection to the stress response, however, it’s much more than just a hormone released during stress. Cortisol can help control glucose levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on the body’s salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure. In women, cortisol also supports the developing fetus during pregnancy. Heat, cold, infection, trauma, stress, exercise, obesity, and debilitating disease can influence cortisol levels. The hormone is secreted in a daily pattern rising in the early morning, peaking around 8 am, and declining in the evening. This pattern, which is sometimes called the “diurnal variation” or “circadian rhythm” changes if you work irregular shifts (such as the night shift) and sleep at different times of the day.

Order Here

 

Cortisol, Free and Cortisone, 24 Hr with Creatinine

Urinary free cortisol is useful in the detection of patients with Cushing’s syndrome for whom free cortisol concentrations are elevated.

Order Here

 

Cortisol, Free and Total, LC/MS

Useful in detection of patients w/Cushing’s syndrome for whom free cortisol is high.

Order Here

 

Cortisol, Free, 24-Hour Urine

Screen test for Cushing’s Syndrome and to rule out Addison’s Disease.

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Cortisol, PM

To detect excess or deficient cortisol production.

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Cortisol, total

In addition to being called as “the stress hormone”, cortisol helps in proper glucose metabolism, converting sugars into energy. High cortisol levels in men have been associated with hyperglycemia, weight gain, compromised immune function and high blood pressure. Cortisol imbalance is known to result in conditions like irritability, fatigue, depression, foggy thinking, weight gain and bone loss. Stress reducing activities including meditation and breathing exercise have been recommended to relieve stress levels and avoid premature aging.

Order Here

 

Cortisol-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Cortisol x1.

Order Here

 

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone), Unconjugated, LC/MS/MS

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a master, or parent, hormone that your body changes into a hormone called androstenedione. Your body then converts androstenedione into the major female and male hormones. The levels of this steroid increase before the onset of puberty and decrease significantly with age. It is the most abundant steroid in the bloodstream and is present at even higher levels in brain tissue. Your body produces DHEA primarily in the morning hours, and your kidneys secrete it quickly. DHEAs, however, remains in your body much longer.

Order Here

 

DHEA,s (Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate) Hormone

DHEA-S is the child hormone of DHEA and serves as a building block for making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. Your body produces DHEA primarily in the morning hours, and your kidneys secrete this DHEA quickly. DHEA-S, however, remains in your body much longer.

DHEA-s concentrations peak after puberty and then the levels tend to decline with age. Adrenal tumors, cancers, and adrenal hyperplasia can lead to the overproduction of DHEA-s. The rate of secretion of DHEA-S into the bloodstream is only slightly more than the rate observed for DHEA.

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DHEA-S-Ayumetrix Kit

DHEA is produced by the adrenal glands and is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogens. DHEA is also a neurohormone as small quantities are produced in the brain. It has a broad spectrum of benefits including improved energy, mood, memory, increased testosterone levels, enhanced libido and immune function. In men, low DHEA levels can cause low libido, reduced muscle mass and strength, depression fatigue and compromised immune function. In woman, DHEA is known to balance other hormones like estrogens, progesterone and testosterone. Low DHEA levels can cause weight gain, depression fatigue and low libido.

Order Here

 

Diurnal Cortisol Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of adrenal function and includes 4 cortisol levels timed throughout the day. Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include:

• Fatigue
• Nervousness
• Weakness
• Sugar cravings
• Insomnia
• Dizzy spells
• Headaches
• Decreased stamina
• Irritability
• Fibromyalgia
• Anxiety/Depression

Order Here

 

Diurnal Cortisol-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Cortisol x4.

Order Here

 

DUTCH Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

This test combines the pattern of free cortisol throughout the day with the metabolites of cortisol (as well as DHEAS).

Order Here

 

DUTCH Complete-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

The most comprehensive analysis of sex and adrenal hormones. This profile includes the DUTCH Adrenal and Sex Hormone Metabolite as well as an overnight melatonin measurement.

Order Here

 

DUTCH Cycle Mapping + Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

DUTCH Cycle Mapping+Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc Kit.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping + DUTCH Complete-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

Estrogen and Progesterone throughout menstrual cycle + Comprehensive Cortisol test + Sex Hormone Metabolites + Melatonin.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping™-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

Estrogen and Progesterone throughout menstrual cycle.

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DUTCH Plus™ (Complete + CAR)-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

The DUTCH Plus™ takes hormone testing to a whole new level. In addition to sex hormones and their metabolites, the DUTCH Complete™ looks at the overall diurnal pattern of free cortisol, and the total and distribution of cortisol metabolites. The DUTCH Plus™ adds the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) to bring another important piece of the HPA axis into focus. The client collection is 4 easy-to-collect dried urine samples collected on filter paper devices and five saliva samples.

Analytes Included: Metabolites of Estrogens (8, including E1, E2, E3, 2-OHE1, 4-OH-E1, 16-OH-E1, 2-methoxy-E1), Androgen (8, including Testosterone, DHT and DHEA-S), Progesterone (2), Cortisol (3), and Melatonin (6OHMS) and 8-OHdG. The diurnal pattern of Free Cortisol and Cortisone are also provided, including the Cortisol Awakening Response.

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DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolites-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

A comprehensive analysis of estrogen, androgen and progesterone metabolites. The DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolites is the ultimate test for HRT monitoring and great for baseline measurements as well. It is a unique method for more accurate vaginal hormone and oral progesterone monitoring. This test is run on GC-MS/MS.

Order Here

 

NeuroAdrenal Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of HPA axis function. Included is a full diurnal cortisol pattern, DHEA, and 6 primary neurotransmitters (inhibitory and excitatory). Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include those shown for the Adrenal Function panel plus:

• Mood disorders, depression, anxiety
• Addiction, dependency
• Chronic illness, immune deficiency
• Low libido, sexual dysfunction

Order Here

Amino Acid Analysis, LC/MS, Plasma

Amino acids serve many functions including as building blocks for proteins, neurotransmitters, precursors to hormones, and enzyme co-factors. More than 70 disorders of amino acid metabolism have been described. The clinical manifestations of these disorders are diverse.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Plasma-Genova Kit

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma measures levels of key amino acids in blood. Amino acid metabolism may be compromised by common lifestyle and dietary factors, which may result in inadequate levels of amino acids. Plasma amino acid analysis is favored in conditions where the supply of amino acids and precursors is critical, such as in mood and neurobehavioral disorders.

The complete Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma analyzes over 40 analytes and includes:

• Plasma Amino Acid Analysis
• Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids
• Nonessential Protein Amino Acids
• Intermediary Metabolites
• Dietary Peptide Related Markers

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma report configuration provides for easy interpretation and clinically actionable results and includes:

A handy Suggested Supplement Schedule allowing for personalized recommendations based on test results, an Interpretation-At-A-Glance page that provides facts on nutrient function, causes and complications of their deficiencies, as well as dietary sources

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Amino Acids Analysis, Urine FMV-Genova Kit

The Amino Acids Analysis nutritional test helps to identify metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. Specifically, this nutritional test evaluates dietary protein adequacy and assimilation, as well as metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. With the precise results and comprehensive commentary provided, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic impairments, and amino acid transport disorders can be accurately identified and corrected.

Amino acids comprise the building blocks of all of the body’s structural tissues and hormones. All of these compounds utilize, or derive from, the essential amino acids provided by the diet. Determination of the adequacy of amino acids, proper balance between them, and conversion capability are of paramount importance in preventing illness and getting to the root of many chronic disorders.

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Amino Acids, 20 plasma-Genova Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function.

Collecting a fasting plasma specimen from a client removes recent dietary intake effects. The following factors can reflect changes over time in plasma: Chronic dietary intake, Digestive efficiency, Liver uptake, and Skeletal muscle’s ability to maintain formation of amino acids.

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Bone Resorption Assessment-Genova Kit

The Bone Resorption Assessment is a simple urinary test that provides an accurate assessment of the rate of bone turnover in an individual. The Bone Resorption Assessment allows the practitioner to identify those more likely to develop osteoporosis, to intervene before significant loss has occurred, and to monitor the efficacy of treatment regimens. It examines pyridinium crosslinks and deoxypyridinoline and is useful in identifying current rate of bone loss, lytic bone disease, and efficacy of bone support therapies.

Pyridinium crosslinks are stabilizers of collagen molecules. Bone collagen contains bothpyridinoline (PYD), which is reflective of collagen loss of all types, and its component deoxypyridinoline (DPD), which specifically reflects bone collagen. Presence in the urine of higher than normal amounts of PYD and DPD indicate a rapid rate of bone loss.
Crosslink excretion is greatly increased in patients with osteoporosis, as well as in a number of other conditions. These include Paget’s disease, primaryhyperparathyroidism, and osteomalacia. Measurement of PYD crosslinks has also proven useful in arthritic diseases, connective tissue disorders, cancer metastasis, and alcoholic bone disease.

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Calcium, 24 Hr Urine

Urinary calcium reflects dietary intake, rate of calcium absorption by the intestine, and bone resorption. Urinary calcium is used primarily to evaluate parathyroid function and the effects of vitamin D. High levels of urine calcium may be due to chronic kidney disease, high vitamin D levels, leaking of calcium from the kidneys into the urine – which causes calcium kidney stones, sarcoidosis, taking too much calcium, hyperparathyroidism, or use of diuretics (“water pills”). Low levels of urine calcium may be due to malabsorption disorders, kidney disorders, hypoparathyroidism, Use of a water pill called a thiazide diuretic, or very low levels of vitamin D.

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Calcium, Ionized, Serum

Ionized calcium represents the true “bioavailable” calcium in the circulation. In situations where the total calcium is normal but does not fit the clinical picture, e.g. , hyperparathyroidism, a determination of the ionized calcium will, many times, show an elevation in the “bioavailable” calcium component. This may be due to alterations in protein concentrations, especially albumin, that binds most of the calcium in the circulation.

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Calcium, Serum

Calcium is the most common mineral in the body and one of the most important. The body needs it to build and fix bones and teeth, as well as proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and the heart. Calcium is also needed for blood clotting and is crucial for the formation, density, and maintenance of bones.

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Cardio ION Profile-Genova Kit

The Cardio ION is a combination of nutritional tests that gives a nutritional assessment and identifies risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Specifically, this nutritional test measures levels of fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, organic acids, and risk factors for CVD.

The Cardio ION nutritional test identifies modifiable risk factors for CVD, including:
Fatty acid imbalances which can lead to chronic inflammation. Current research finds levels of specific fatty acids to be strongly correlated to CVD.

High fibrinogen is associated with increased risk of clots and CVD
Homocysteine is an important risk factor for not only CVD, but stroke and dementia as well Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is essential for proper mitochondrial function and energy use. It also acts as an antioxidant. Cardiac cells have high mitochondrial demand. Statins can decrease CoQ10 levels.

Fasting insulin is an indicator of insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinaemia has been associated with a cluster of CVD risk factors.
Insufficient antioxidant status is associated with increased oxidation. Oxidative damage is believed to play a role in heart and vascular disease by promoting inflammation.

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Carotene

Beta Carotene, a fat soluble nutrient, is a precursor to vitamin A. Deficiencies may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Excessive vitamin A intake may lead to headaches, loss of appetite, nausea and diarrhea, skin changes, and potential birth defects.

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Cellular Micronutrient Assay (CMA)-Cell Science Systems Kit

The CMA (Cellular Micronutrient Assay) directly measures the effect of specific micronutrients on the ability of T and B lymphocytes to reproduce when stimulated with a mitogen (i.e. mitosis generator).

When the body has an infection, it increases production of the T and B lymphocytes (memory cells) that “recognize” and combat that specific invader. The faster these cells reproduce the faster infection is overcome.

The ability of these cells to multiply is driven by our nutrient stores. Cells need nutrients in order to grow and multiply. Those nutrient requirements are individual and are impacted by many factors. Stress, genetics, and other conditions, for example; high energy output in sports, pregnancy, recent infection, toxic burden, sleep patterns, etc., all play a role.

Measurement of the effect of nutrients on your immune function can be more revealing than just knowing if your blood serum levels of a vitamin, mineral or amino acid, fall within ‘normal’ ranges.

Metabolism happens within the cells. Serum nutrient measurement is only a “snapshot” of nutrient status. Cellular activity gives insight into long term nutrient status.

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Coenzyme Q10, Total

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is necessary for the basic functioning of cells and is essential for production of cell energy. CoQ10 deficiency has been associated with conditions such as Cancer, Diabetes, Heart conditions, HIV/AIDS, Mitochondrial disease, Muscular dystrophies, and Parkinson’s disease. It is also thought to act as an antioxidant and be involved with optimum muscle and nerve function. New research suggests that it may have uses in helping a variety of chronic conditions including migraines, Parkinson’s, and high blood pressure. Studies demonstrate the effectiveness of supplemental coenzyme Q10 in cardiomyopathy, myocardial dysfunction, and congestive heart failure. CoQ10 is also a powerful antioxidant like vitamins E and C, and thus serves the role of neutralizing excess free radicals. It is now well established that the control of excessive free radical activity is key in preventing/delaying the progression of degenerative diseases.

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Comprehensive Urine Elements-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Urine Elements Profile measures urinary flow of 15 nutrient elements and 20 toxic metals. These include “classic” toxins such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, as well as elements used in the medical, aerospace, nuclear and high-tech electronics industries. This is an ideal test for patients suspected of toxic metal exposure as well as potential nutrient mineral wasting.

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Copper

Copper is an essential mineral that the body absorbs into enzymes. These enzymes play a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, development of connective tissue, energy production at the cellular level, the creation of melanin (the pigment that produces skin color), and the function of the nervous system and brain.

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Copper (serum) and Zinc (plasma)

Copper – Copper is an essential mineral that the body absorbs into enzymes. These enzymes play a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, development of connective tissue, energy production at the cellular level, the creation of melanin (the pigment that produces skin color), and the function of the nervous system and brain.

Zinc – Zinc is necessary for proper immune and brain functioning. Deficiency symptoms include: irritability, fatigue, depression, poor appetite, and poor sense of taste and smell.

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Copper, 24-Hour Urine

Copper is an essential element that is a cofactor of many enzymes. Copper metabolism is disturbed in Wilson’s disease, Menkes disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Indian childhood cirrhosis. Urinary copper concentrations are also useful to monitor patients on chealation therapy.

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Copper, RBC

Copper is an essential mineral that the body absorbs into enzymes. These enzymes play a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, development of connective tissue, energy production at the cellular level, the creation of melanin (the pigment that produces skin color), and the function of the nervous system and brain.

Copper metabolism is disturbed in Wilson’s disease, Menkes disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Indian childhood cirrhosis. Copper concentrations increase in acute phase reactions. Copper concentrations are decreased with nephrosis, malabsorption, and malnutrition. Copper concentrations are also useful to monitor patients, especially preterm newborns, on nutritional supplementation.

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Elemental Analysis-Genova Kit

Elemental Analysis evaluates patients for recent toxic element exposure and assesses nutrient mineral status. This assessment allows clinicians to provide targeted treatment for patients by identifying and correcting toxic-element exposures and replenishing nutrient minerals.

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Essential & Metabolic Fatty Acids Analysis (EMFA)-Genova Kit

The Essential & Metabolic Fatty Acids Analysis (EMFA) assesses the critical balance between essential Omega-6/Omega-3 fatty acids, as well as additional key fatty acids important in metabolism and cellular function. Fatty acid imbalances can be a causative factor in a variety of chronic health conditions. The Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids Analysis can indicate the need for fatty acid supplementation and/or dietary modification.

Fatty acids comprise some of the most essential nutrients in the human diet. They are critical for cell membrane structure and function as well as local “hormonal” signaling. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are transformed into local hormonal mediators called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids regulate all stages of inflammation, including the start, spread and end stages. This process is vital to the ability of the body’s immune system to repair and protect itself. Fatty acids are also crucial components of neural membranes and receptors that ensure proper intracellular communication within the brain and nervous system.

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Fatty Acids, Bloodspot-Genova Kit

Fatty acid imbalances can be a causative factor in a variety of chronic health conditions. The Fatty Acids Profile – Blood Spot assesses the critical balance between essential Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids. The Fatty Acids Profile – Blood Spot can indicate the need for fatty acid supplementation and/or dietary modification.

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Fatty Acids; Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

The typical Western diet contains too many carbohydrates and saturated fats, and is often imbalanced with respect to essential and nonessential fatty acid intake. Erythrocyte fatty acid analysis is used to assess levels of and balance among the essential and non-essential fatty acids required for optimal health and wellness. Essential fatty acids regulate cell membrane integrity, blood pressure and coagulation, lipid levels, immune response, tumor growth and inhibition, and the inflammatory response to injury and infection. Erythrocyte Fatty Acid analysis aids in developing the most efficacious dietary and supplemental treatment program to restore appropriate ratios among fatty acids.

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Folic Acids (or Folate)

Also known as Vitamin B9, this test aids in the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders and anemia. This important nutrient also plays a significant role in making red blood cells, making DNA, energy level, muscle strength and memory.

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Glutathione, Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant and important intracellular antioxidant. GSH in erythrocytes is an indicator of intracellular GSH status, the overall health of cells and of the ability to endure toxic challenges. It is involved in many biological processes including detoxification of xenobiotics, removal of oxygen-reactive species, regulation of the redox state of cells and the oxidative state of important protein sulfhydryl groups, and regulation of immune function.

Low levels of GSH have been reported in cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, autism, alcoholism, and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It has also been associated with chronic retention of many potential toxic elements, chemicals and some drugs.

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Intrinsic Factor Blocking Antibody, Serum

Intrinsic factor blocking antibody, which prevents the binding of vitamin B12 to the intrinsic factor molecule, is present in >50% of all patients with pernicious anemia and only rarely encountered in other conditions.
Pernicious anemia is one of the major causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.

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ION Pediatric Profile with 40 Amino Acids-Genova Kit

The ION® (Individual Optimal Nutrition) Profile with 40 Amino Acids nutritional analysis can help identify nutrient deficiencies that may be a root cause of complex chronic conditions. The ION with 40 Amino Acids is ideal for establishing a baseline assessment ahead of clinical intervention with nutraceuticals as well as subsequent monitoring as needed.

By evaluating 150 key biomarkers and ratios, the ION Profile with 40 Amino Acids evaluates organic acids, fat-soluble vitamins, Coenzyme Q10, homocysteine, oxidative stress markers, nutrient and toxic elements, fatty acids, and amino acids.

The ION Profile with 40 Amino Acids provides an expanded amino acid panel for enhanced clinical insight. Results can be used to personalize treatment plans to improve nutritional status, augment other treatments, and increase the resolution of complex chronic conditions.

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ION Profile with 40 Amino Acids-Genova Kit

Measures levels of organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

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ION Profile®-Genova Kit

The ION Profile is a nutritional analysis that measures over 125 key nutrient biomarkers and ratios that can help identify nutritional shortfalls that may be a root cause of complex chronic conditions. The ION Profile evaluates organic acids, fat-soluble vitamins, Coenzyme Q10, homocysteine, oxidative stress markers, nutrient and toxic elements, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Nutritional analysis using the ION Profile allows for personalized treatment plans to improve nutritional status, which can enhance other treatments and increase the resolution of complex chronic conditions.

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Lipid Peroxides, Urine-Genova Kit

Lipid peroxides are the products of chemical damage done by oxygen free radicals to the polyunsaturated (double-bonded) fatty acids of cell membranes. They cause a variety of toxic effects at the cellular level and their creation is considered a extreme process in biological systems. Their formation can be blocked by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension.

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Metabolic Analysis Profile (Organic Acids) (OATS)-Genova Kit

The Metabolic Analysis Profile specifically tests for organic acids – compounds in the urine that are produced during daily metabolism. This profile assesses major metabolic areas that may be compromised by common lifestyle and dietary factors, such as nutrient deficiencies, toxicity, bacterial overgrowth, or drug effects. Organic acids testing can indicate the functional need for specific nutrients, diet modification, antioxidant protection, detoxification, or other therapies.

The results and recommendations from the Metabolic Analysis Profile can provide guidance for the development of personalized supplementation, identifying nutritional insufficiency that may be a contributing factor in complex chronic conditions.

The Metabolic Analysis Profile report allows for easy interpretation and clinically actionable results. It includes a Suggested Supplement Schedule that provides personalized recommendations based on test results. The Interpretation-At-A-Glance section of the report provides facts related to nutrient function, causes and complications of their deficiencies, and dietary sources.

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Metabolism Panel-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Testosterone Free, Cortisol x1 and Bloodspot: TSH.

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Metabolomix+ – Genova Kit

The Metabolomix+ is a unique combination of nutritional tests that provides an analysis of key nutritional biomarkers. A first morning void (FMV) urine collection, with optional add-on bloodspot finger stick and buccal swab, the Metabolomix+ nutritional test is a non-invasive, client-friendly way to assess the functional need for antioxidants, B-vitamins, minerals, digestive support, fatty acids, and amino acids. Insights gained from the Metabolomix+ nutritional test allows clinicians to target nutritional therapies to the precise needs of their patients.

Marked accumulation of organic acids in urine can signal a metabolic inhibition or block. The metabolic block may be due to a nutrient deficiency, an inherited enzyme deficit, toxic build-up, or drug effect.

Enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing organic acids are vitamin and mineral dependent. With this, elevations in organic acids can reflect a functional need for these nutrients on a cellular and biochemical level, even despite normal serum levels.1-5 Recommendations for nutrient supplementation based on elevated organic acid results are generated using a literature-based proprietary algorithm.

Traditionally, urinary organic acid assessment has been used in neonatal/pediatric medicine to identify genetic inborn errors of metabolism, with severity depending on the degree and type of error.* In many cases of genetic inborn errors, the enzymatic defect may be compensated for by high doses of specific vitamin and mineral cofactors and/or dietary interventions. Intervention with higher-dose nutrient cofactors may also be effective in cases of decreased enzyme activity due to causes other than frank inborn errors.

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Minerals Panel

Calcium, Iron w/TIBC, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium and Zinc.

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NutrEval® FMV W/Nutrient & Toxic Elements-Genova Kit

NutrEval FMV® (First Morning Void) test identifies key nutritional deficiencies. The NutrEval FMV evaluates overall nutritional status to determine personalized supplementation needs for antioxidants, B-vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, amino acids, digestive support, and other select nutrients.

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NutrEval® Plasma W/Nutrient & Toxic Elements-Genova Kit

NutrEval Plasma® test is an advanced nutritional analysis designed to reveal nutritional imbalances or inadequacies. NutrEval Plasma evaluates the functional need for antioxidants, B-vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, amino acids, digestive support, and other select nutrients.

This nutritional analysis offers insight into nutrient status and allows clinicians to provide targeted treatment for the particular needs of each client, often augmenting and speeding recovery of complex chronic conditions. Select genomic biomarkers may be added to the profile for enhanced personalization of therapies.

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Nutrient & Toxic Elements (Blood)-Genova Kit

Erythrocyte and whole blood toxic element levels are good indicators of body pools of essential elements as well as the toxic elements aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead,* and mercury. The Genova Diagnostics Nutrient and Toxic Elements Profile is an especially accurate way of determining whole body status of potassium and selenium.

Whole Blood generally reflects increased or recent exposure to toxic elements. The Genova Diagnostics Toxic Metals Profile shows levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury.

Nutrient elements are measured in erythrocytes and toxic elements are measured in whole blood. One exception is selenium, which is measured in whole blood as a reliable index of selenium status.

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Organic Acids Profile (OATS) (Dried Urine)-US BioTek Kit

Vitamin deficiencies and imbalances may produce a range of health issues, including fatigue, mood changes, digestive problems, and others. The comprehensive urinary metabolic profile measures 36 organic acids to create a unique client biochemistry profile that reflects how well the body is obtaining and utilizing nutrients. A customized diet and lifestyle plan can then be established to address to specific nutritional needs.

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Organix Basic Profile (Organic Acids)-Genova Kit

The Organix Profile provides a view into the body’s cellular metabolic processes and the efficiency of metabolic function. Identifying metabolic blocks that can be treated nutritionally allows individual tailoring of interventions to help maximize client responses and lead to improved client outcomes.

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Organix® Comprehensive Profile (Organic Acids)-Urine-Genova Kit

The Organix® Comprehensive Profile is a nutritional test providing insights into organic acids and a view into the body’s cellular metabolic processes. Additionally, children’s reference ranges are designed to provide more accurate pediatric nutritional evaluations. Identifying metabolic blocks that can be treated nutritionally allows individual tailoring of interventions that maximize client responses and lead to improved client outcomes.

Organic acids are metabolic intermediates that are produced in pathways of central energy production, detoxification, neurotransmitter breakdown, or intestinal microbial activity. Marked accumulation of specific organic acids detected in urine often signals a metabolic inhibition or block. The metabolic block may be due to a nutrient deficiency, an inherited enzyme deficit, toxic build-up or drug effect. Several of the biomarkers are markers of intestinal bacterial or yeast overgrowth.

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Organix® Dysbiosis Profile (Organic Acids)-Genova Kit

The Russian scientist Elie Metchnikoff (1845 – 1916) popularized the idea of “Dys-symbiosis” or “Dysbiosis,” describing an imbalance in the micro-ecology of the digestive tract. When the microbial balance of the gut is disturbed, opportunistic, or “bad”, bacteria can overgrow and mitigate the effects of the “good”, predominant bacteria needed for a healthy gut.

The Organix® Dysbiosis Profile is a urine organic acid test measuring the by-products of microbial metabolism, and is particularly useful in detecting the presence of pathogenic microbial overgrowth. As a stand-alone test, the Organix® Dysbiosis Profile is a great follow-up option to the Organix® Comprehensive Profile, allowing the clinician to assess microbial overgrowth and guide and monitor targeted therapy in patients.

Urine contains unique products of microbial metabolism which are used to measure small bowel yeast and bacterial overgrowth. With the exception of hippurate, the compounds measured in the Organix® Dysbiosis Profile, such as D-arabinitol, are not normally produced by human cells. Unfriendly intestinal microorganisms, however, can manufacture them in relatively high quantities. These compounds are absorbed into the blood from the intestines and eventually appear in a urine organic acid test.

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Oxidative Stress 2.0, Blood-Genova Kit

The Oxidative Stress Analysis 2.0 nutritional test utilizes a blood sample in order to evaluate the body’s oxidative stress status and antioxidant reserve. This nutritional test can help practitioners identify underlying causes and perpetuating factors for many clinical disorders and help to customize specific treatment programs.

Oxidative stress testing is used to assess equilibrium between oxidative damage and antioxidant reserve. It is necessary to address the reserve capacity that provides protection, the enzymes that quench the free radicals, and evaluate the damage that free radical production has already caused.

In the course of normal human activity energy production, detoxification of pollutants and immunologic defense mechanisms, free radicals are produced. These free radicals are unstable molecules that can extract an electron from a neighboring molecule, causing damage in the process. Unchecked free radical production accelerates the pathogenesis of human disease and aging. These free radicals are counter-balanced by the anti-oxidants present in our foods (and supplements). Dietary antioxidants (such as proanthocyanidins found in blueberries and bioflavonoids found in citrus fruits), as well as the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase andglutathione peroxidase, provide critical protection against free radical damage. Oxidative stress results when this delicate pro-oxidant/antioxidant equilibriumis disrupted in favor of the pro-oxidant (free radical) state.

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Phosphate (as Phosphorus)

Phosphorus comes into the body through the diet. It is found in many foods and is readily absorbed by the intestines. A wide variety of foods, such as beans, peas and nuts, cereals, dairy products, eggs, beef, chicken, and fish, contain significant amounts of phosphorus. About 70% to 80% of the body’s phosphates are combined with calcium to help form bones and teeth, about 10% are found in muscle, and about 1% is in nerve tissue. The rest is found within cells throughout the body, where it is mainly used to store energy.

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Plasma Amino Acids-Doctor’s Data Kit

Amino acid (AA) analysis aids in the identification of dietary protein adequacy and amino acid balance, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, forms of protein intolerance, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, renal and hepatic dysfunction, psychiatric abnormalities, susceptibility to inflammatory response and oxidative stress, reduced detoxification capacity and many other inherent and acquired disorders in AA metabolism. Plasma is traditionally used to assess the status of essential AA while urine analysis provides more information regarding AA wasting and aberrant metabolism associated with co-factor insufficiencies.

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Potassium, 24-Hour Urine Without Creatinine

Potassium is an electrolyte that is vital to cell metabolism and muscle function. If potassium levels are too low or too high, there can be serious health consequences; a person may be at risk for developing shock, respiratory failure, or heart rhythm disturbances.

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Potassium, Random Urine without Creatinine

To help evaluate electrolyte balance.

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Potassium, RBC

The Potassium RBC test measures the Potassium level in the Red Blood Cells (RBCs). Potassium is important for nerve, muscle and heart functions. As an intracellular measurement of Potassium, the Potassium RBC test is more reflective of your longer term Potassium status.

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Potassium, Serum

Potassium is an electrolyte that is vital to cell metabolism and muscle function. If potassium levels are too low or too high, there can be serious health consequences; a person may be at risk for developing shock, respiratory failure, or heart rhythm disturbances.

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QuestAssureD™ 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (D2, D3)-March Test Of The Month

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile-Genova Kit

The TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile gives you an easy-to-use option to collect your specimens at home – no blood draw required! With simple finger sticks and an overnight urine collection, the TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile gives you the same quantitative information as the TRIAD® Profile.

Using the synergetic power of the Organix, Amino Acids, and Allergix IgG4 Food Antibodies testing, faster and more effective results are produced. Because targeted, individualized interventions based on the TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile can be more cost-effective than simple protocol-based treatment plans, the TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile represents real value.

Profiles included:

Organix Comprehensive Profile: Measures organic acid levels to reveal the nutritional and metabolic basis of client symptoms, including anxiety, mood changes, and immune responses.

Bloodspot Amino Acids 20 Profile: Determines essential amino acid imbalances that affect both physical and mental function.

Allergix Bloodspot IgG4 Food Antibodies Profile: Measures the level of IgG4 reactions for 30 common foods.

The TRIAD® Bloodspot Profile includes fully customized intervention guidelines (custom vitamin/mineral formulas, custom amino acid blends, and an online food reaction guide) so you can focus your interventions on your specific needs.

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TRIAD® Profile, Blood & Urine-Genova Kit

The TRIAD® Profile – Blood & Urine is a nutritional test that combines three key tests into one diagnostic solution. Imbalances or dysfunction in several metabolic areas can have overlapping and wide-ranging effects on health and play a causative role in many chronic conditions.

The Triad Profile – Blood & Urine assesses amino acids, organic acids, and IgG4 food antibodies and can provide guidelines for customized supplementation and dietary modification to improve health outcomes.

Using a central blood draw and in-home overnight urine collection, the TRIAD Profile – Blood & Urine assesses an expanded menu of foods for those patients with suspected complex food sensitivities.

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Urine Amino Acids-Doctor’s Data Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function. Healthy kidneys efficiently conserve crucial amino acids. Many individuals have “hidden” impairments in amino acid metabolism that are problematic and often go undiagnosed.

Amino acid analysis provides fundamental information about nutrient adequacy, including the quality and quantity of dietary protein, digestive disorders, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies—particularly folic acid, B12, B6 metabolism, zinc and magnesium. In addition, amino acid analysis provides important information about hepatic and renal function, availability of precursors of neurotransmitters, detoxification capacity, susceptibility to occlusive arterial disease (homocysteine), and many inherent disorders in amino acid metabolism.

The urine amino acid analysis has the highest probability of detecting abnormalities if kidney function is normal. The 24-hour test indicates what is high and low over the course of a day, reflects blood and tissue amino acid pools, and is not affected by the 24-hour rhythm. Therefore, urine levels of amino acids decrease first and tend to give an earlier indication of inadequacy than do plasma levels.

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Vitamin A, Serum

Vitamin A is needed for growth and for strong bones and teeth. As you grow older, it helps keep your skin and eyes healthy. Vitamin A is present in liver, fish liver oils, dairy products, dark green and yellow-orange vegetables, and in fruits. Too much vitamin A may cause symptoms that include headache, itchy skin, and hair loss.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Blood, LC/MS/MS

Involved in numerous body functions, including: nervous system and muscle functioning; flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells (through ion channels); multiple enzyme processes (via the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate); carbohydrate metabolism; and production of hydrochloric acid (which is necessary for proper digestion). Because there is very little thiamin stored in the body, depletion can occur as quickly as within 14 days.

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Vitamin B12

Essential component in making red blood cells, and is important for nerve cell function. Deficiency can lead to different forms of anemia, as well as impaired liver and kidney function.

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Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid (Folate)

B12 and folate are primarily done as part of an evaluation of anemia symptoms.

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Vitamin B12 Binding Capacity, Unsaturated (Transcobalamin)

Vitamin B12 Binding Capacity, Unsaturated (Transcobalamin), binds and transports vitamin B12 in the circulation. Increased concentrations are associated with patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Decreased concentrations are seen in individuals with megaloblastic anemia or Transcobalamin deficiency.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

B3 is involved in enzyme reactions, metabolism, and energy production. It is given in pharmacologic doses to lower LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and raise HDL-cholesterol. B3 is found in lean meats, eggs, fish, whole grain cereals and legumes. Severe deficiency in conjunction with a low-protein diet causes: Pellagra – classic symptoms are dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia; may also cause a rash in areas exposed to the sun. Deficiencies also seen with alcoholism, cirrhosis, Hartnup disease, Crohn’s disease, and carcinoid syndrome. Niacin synthesis requires adequate B6, B2, iron, and copper. Up to 60% of niacin is synthesized from tryptophan.

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

This vitamin is necessary to synthesize cholesterol, produce red blood cells, maintain a healthy digestive tract and breakdown fats and carbohydrates.

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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), Plasma

Deficiency of this vitamin has been implicated in a wide variety of clinical conditions. Important in neonatology is the syndrome of jittery characteristics, colic, irritability, easy startling and seizures due to B6 deficiency following ingestion of formula rendered B6 depleted by excessive heating. B6 may be decreased with malabsorption and inflammatory disease of the small bowel and in some cases of jejunoileal bypass.

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Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Vitamin B7, or Biotin, is necessary for metabolism and hormone production. Deficiency in Vitamin B7 is rare but may occur in people who are malnourished or are receiving intravenous nutrition.

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Vitamin C

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the most important antioxidants. Blood levels of vitamin C are used to measure nutritional, immune, and cardiovascular status. It’s needed for growth, development and repair of all body tissues. Vitamin C deficiency may be caused by malnutrition (scurvy), malabsorption, inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholism, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, and kidney failure. Smokers have also been shown to have lower levels than non-smokers.

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Vitamin D (25 OH D2 & D3) Bloodspot-Doctor’s Data Kit

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, known for its role in bone health and calcium absorption, also appears to affect immune function, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular issues, and other conditions. Vitamin D occurs in two forms—D3 is obtained from animal diet sources and through sun exposure, and D2 is obtained through vegetable diet sources. Both forms of the vitamin are used to fortify various foods and in supplements. Doctor’s Data uses the gold standard LC/MS QQQ method to measure Vitamin D2, D3 and total Vitamin D.

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Vitamin D (25OH D2 & D3)-Doctor’s Data Kit

Blood test for Vitamin D 25OH, Vitamin D2 & Vitamin D3.

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Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy, LC/MS/MS (Calcitriol)

1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol) is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone. Levels may be high in primary hyperparathyroidism and may be decreased in hypoparathyroidism and chronic renal failure.

This test measures the bioactive form of vitamin D. It is used in the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and to monitor patients with renal osteodystrophy or chronic renal failure. This test is not suitable for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and monitoring supplementation in most patients. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D test is the recommended test for those purposes.

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Vitamin D, 25 Hydroxy

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Vitamin D-Ayumetrix Kit

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin critical to calcium absorption which helps in bone growth, density, and strength. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become brittle or misshapen. Varying levels of vitamin D in the blood are associated with common variants in the following genes: (1) GC (transports vitamin D to organs), (2) NADSYN1/DHCR7 (needed for bioavailability of the vitamin D precursor molecule), and (3) CYP2R1 (helps convert inactive vitamin D to it’s active form). Maintaining adequate levels of Vitamin D has been shown to benefit patients in the maintenance of bone health for osteoporosis treatment, and in the prevention
of fractures.

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Vitamin E, Serum

Deficiency of vitamin E may cause extensive neuropathy in young children and, in addition, is suspect as a possible cause of motor and sensory neuropathy in older children and in adults. One likely cause of vitamin E deficiency is intestinal malabsorption, resulting from bowel disease, pancreatic disease, or chronic cholestasis. Other causes of malabsorption of vitamin E include celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and intestinal lymphangiectasia.

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Vitamin K1

Vitamin K deficiency may be induced by obstructive liver disease, obstructive icterus, malabsorption due to celiac disease, pancreatitis, diarrhea, and antibiotic abuse; may be used to treat blood clotting disorders, bone metabolism disorders, and hemorrhagic disorders of newborns.

In humans, deficiency of vitamin K leads to decreased concentrations of circulating, active coagulation factors, which often results in bleeding. Vitamin K nutritional status has also been implicated in osteoporosis.

Interest in vitamin K has increased beyond its well-established function in blood clotting with human epidemiological and intervention studies suggesting that vitamin K may reduce bone loss in osteoporotic people and decrease fracture risk.

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Vitamins Panel

Folate, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), Vitamin B6, Vitamin C, Vitamin D-25 Hydroxy, Vitamin E and Vitamin K.

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Zinc

Zinc is necessary for proper immune and brain functioning. Deficiency symptoms include: irritability, fatigue, depression, poor appetite, and poor sense of taste and smell.

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Zinc, RBC

Zinc is an essential trace element. Subnormal levels are associated with alcoholic cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, myocardial infarction, acute and chronic infections. High levels may be due to industrial exposure.

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Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced in the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.

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Calcium, 24 Hr Urine

Urinary calcium reflects dietary intake, rate of calcium absorption by the intestine, and bone resorption. Urinary calcium is used primarily to evaluate parathyroid function and the effects of vitamin D. High levels of urine calcium may be due to chronic kidney disease, high vitamin D levels, leaking of calcium from the kidneys into the urine – which causes calcium kidney stones, sarcoidosis, taking too much calcium, hyperparathyroidism, or use of diuretics (“water pills”). Low levels of urine calcium may be due to malabsorption disorders, kidney disorders, hypoparathyroidism, Use of a water pill called a thiazide diuretic, or very low levels of vitamin D.

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Calcium, Ionized, Serum

Ionized calcium represents the true “bioavailable” calcium in the circulation. In situations where the total calcium is normal but does not fit the clinical picture, e.g. , hyperparathyroidism, a determination of the ionized calcium will, many times, show an elevation in the “bioavailable” calcium component. This may be due to alterations in protein concentrations, especially albumin, that binds most of the calcium in the circulation.

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Calcium, Serum

Calcium is the most common mineral in the body and one of the most important. The body needs it to build and fix bones and teeth, as well as proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and the heart. Calcium is also needed for blood clotting and is crucial for the formation, density, and maintenance of bones.

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Comprehensive Thyroid Assessment-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Thyroid Assessment is a hormone test that provides a thorough analysis of thyroid hormone metabolism. It includes central thyroid gland regulation and activity, thyroid production and secretion, peripheral thyroid conversion, and thyroid autoimmunity. This hormone test allows the practitioner to pinpoint common imbalances that underlie a broad spectrum of chronic illness. This test analyzes serum levels of TSH, free T4, free T3, reverse T3, anti-TG antibodies, and anti-TPO antibodies to assess central and peripheral thyroid function, as well as thyroid auto-immunity.

Thyroid hormones are essential and primary regulators of the body’s metabolism. Hormone imbalances can affect virtually every metabolic process in the body, exerting significant effects on mood and energy level.

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Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP) + Triiodothyronine (T3), Free and Thyroxine (T4), Free

CWP, Free T3 and Free T4.

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Free T3-Ayumetrix Kit

Normally triiodothyronine (TS) circulates tightly bound to thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin. Only 0.3 % of the total T3 is unbound (free); the free fraction is the active form. In hyperthyroidism, both thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine; thyroxine: T4) and T3 levels (total and free) are usually elevated, but in a small subset of hyperthyroid patients (T3 toxicosis) only T3 is elevated.

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Free T4-Ayumetrix Kit

Free thyroxine (FT4) comprises a small fraction of total thyroxine. The FT4 is available to the tissues and is, therefore, the metabolically active fraction. Elevations in FT4 cause hyperthyroidism, while decreases cause hypothyroidism.

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Free T’s Panel

Free T3 and Free T4.

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Free T’s Plus TSH

Free T3, Free T4 and TSH.

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Free T’s Plus TSH & Thyroid Antibodies

Free T3, Free T4, TSH, Thyroglobulin Antibodies and TPO.

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Iodine, 24-Hour Urine

Iodine is as essential element that is required for thyroid hormone production. The measurement of urinary iodine serves as an index of adequate intake.

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Iodine, Random Urine

Random Urine measurement of Iodine.

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Iodine, Serum

This blood test is used to monitor thyroid problems such as iodine-induced hypothyroidism, autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland, and hyperthyroidism associated with excessive iodine intake.

It is not designed to determine optimal iodine status in an individual choosing to supplement with iodine. Careful consideration of other thyroid function tests as well as clinical symptoms is essential. Currently, there is no generally agreed upon iodine test that can evaluate optimal iodine dosage.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Intact

PTH is an 84 amino acid peptide hormone which is responsible for the regulation of serum calcium levels within a narrow range. PTH is secreted in response to decrease in serum calcium levels by increasing the renal reabsorption of calcium and lowering reabsorption of phosphorus. The measurement of PTH is a very useful tool in the differential diagnosis and management of hypercalcemia. PTH assays can be of help in the diagnosis of tumors and hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland, as well as in localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue by assay of samples obtained via venous catheterization. The native or intact (1-84) PTH has a short half-life, measured in minutes, whereas the carboxy and midmolecule fragments, which are biologically inactive, have half-lives 10- to 20-fold higher. The high concentrations of biologically inactive fragments have interfered with use of C-terminal or midmolecule assays for evaluation of parathyroid function in patients with impaired renal function. Intact PTH assays provide a more accurate assessment of parathyroid patients including those with various renal diseases.

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Reverse T3, Serum

Since thyroid hormone acts like our internal thermostat, thyroid hormones may be suppressed in times of stress. One way this is done is by converting the thyroid hormone T4 into an inactive form of the active T3 hormone called reverse T3. This lowers the amount of available active T3 which can lead to hypothyroid type symptoms.

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Selenium, RBC

Selenium is a key component of a number of functional selenoproteins required for normal health. The best known of these are the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase enzymes. Selenium plays an important role in the control of thyroid hormone metabolism and is important for proper reproductive performance.

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Selenium, Serum or Plasma

Selenium toxicity may occur due to industrial exposures or through drinking water in some parts of the world. Toxic symptoms include garlic breath odor, thick brittle fingernails, dry brittle hair, red swollen skin of the hands and feet, and nervous system abnormalities of numbness, convulsions, or paralysis.

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T3 Free (FT3)

This test is used to evaluate thyroid function. It is primarily used to diagnose hyperthyroidism. It is also used to assess abnormal binding protein disorders and to monitor thyroid replacement and suppressive therapy.

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T3 Total

T3, whose name comes from the fact that it contains 3 molecules of iodine, helps control the body’s metabolism, temperature, growth, and heart rate. Production of T3 is linked to the production of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland. T4, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland, is often converted into T3 in the liver and other body tissues. Abnormally high levels of T3 are common in pregnancy and with liver disease.

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T3 Uptake

The T3 uptake test helps to estimate the amount of TBG in the blood which in turn can help to determine how much T3 and T4 are unbound or free and able to affect the body’s systems.

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T4 (Thyroxine), Total

A T4 test measures the blood level of the hormone T4, also known as thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland and helps control metabolism and growth. The T4 test is performed as part of an evaluation of thyroid function. T4 measures the entire amount of thyroxine in the blood, including the amount attached to blood proteins that help transport the hormone through the bloodstream.

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T4 Free (FT4)

Thyroxine T4 (Free) This test is used to evaluate thyroid function in individuals who may have protein abnormalities that could affect total T4 levels. It is used to evaluate thyroid function and monitor replacement and suppressive therapy.

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T4, Free, Direct Dialysis

This test is used to evaluate thyroid function in individuals who may have protein abnormalities that could affect total T4 levels. It is used to evaluate thyroid function and monitor replacement and suppressive therapy. Differentiates euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia from hyperthyroidism as well as euthyroid hypothyroxinemia from hypothyroidism.

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TBG (Thyroxine Binding Globulin)

The measurement of TBG can be used to establish the presence of TBG deficiency or excess suggested by abnormal Total serum T4 and T3 concentrations in the presence of normal free levels of these hormones. Definitive documentation of a TBG derangement may avoid unnecessary diagnostic procedures and therapy in individuals with harmless congenital TBG anomalies, and in their relatives.

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Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TAA)

Measurement of thyroglobulin antibodies is useful in the diagnosis and management of a variety of thyroid disorders including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, certain types of goiter, and to monitor patients who have had their thyroid gland removed because of thyroid cancer. The presence of these antibodies can lead to the destruction of the thyroid gland and are more likely to appear after trauma to, or inflammation of, the gland.

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Thyroglobulin Panel

Thyroglobulin is a protein that is found primarily in the thyroid gland. Some thyroglobulin can be found in the blood. This blood test also looks for antibodies made by your body in response to thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin antibodies attack thyroglobulin proteins and can destroy the thyroid gland itself. The test can be used to distinguish an autoimmune thyroid disease from other thyroid diseases. For example, to find the causes of goiters or high/low thyroid hormone levels.

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Thyroglobulin, LC/MS/MS

To monitor treatment of thyroid cancer and to detect recurrence and to help determine the cause of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

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Thyroid Antibodies Panel

Thyroglobulin Antibodies and TPO.

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Thyroid Health Panel-Ayumetrix Kit

Bloodspot: TSH, Free T3, Free T4, TPO.

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Thyroid Panel Complete

Critical to your metabolism, thyroid function affects your energy level, heart rate, weight control, plus more.

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Thyroid Panel Complete + Thyroid Antibodies

Thyroid Panel With TSH, Free T3, Free T4, Total T3, Reverse T3, Thyroglobulin Antibodies and TPO.

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Thyroid Panel w/TSH

TSH, T3 Uptake, Total T4 and T7.

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Thyroid Panel with TSH plus Free T3 and Free T4

Thyroid Panel with TSH, Free T3 and Free T4.

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Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies

The TPO gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase. This enzyme plays a central role in the function of the thyroid gland. Thyroid peroxidase assists the chemical reaction that adds iodine to a protein called thyroglobulin, a critical step in generating thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating growth, brain development, and the rate of chemical reactions in the body (metabolism).

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Thyroid Profile-Doctor’s Data Kit

The analysis of thyroid hormones and antibodies together may improve the accuracy diagnosis and clinical success. The American Thyroid Association estimates that approximately 20 million Americans have thyroid disease, and approximately 60% of those with thyroid disease are unaware of their condition. Many patients with thyroid disorders may remain undiagnosed in many patients with asymptomatic or non-specific clinical presentations. The recognition of auto-immunity as a leading cause of thyroid dysfunction has led to the evaluation of auto-antibodies in thyroid testing.

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Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)

A form of immunoglobulin G (IgG) that can bind to thyrotropin (TSH) receptors on the thyroid gland. TSIs mimic the action of TSH, causing excess secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The TSI level is abnormally high in persons with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease.

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Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) with TBG Index and Thyroxine (T4)

Distinguish between high T4 levels due to hyperthyroidism and due to increased binding by TBG in euthyroid individuals who have normal levels of free hormones; document cases of hereditary deficiency or increase of TBG; work-up of thyroid disease. In patients with low T4, high T3 (uptake) or the reverse, who clinically seem eumetabolic and have normal FTI, measurement of TBG is only occasionally needed. Some such patients may have hereditary anomalies of TBG. TBG is increased by estrogens, tamoxifen, pregnancy, perphenazine, and in some cases of liver disease, including hepatitis. Decreased TBG is found with some instances of chronic liver disease, nephrosis and systemic disease and with large amounts of glucocorticoids, androgens/anabolic steroids, and acromegaly. Although alterations of TBG are usually resolved by the thyroid profile, TBG must occasionally be directly measured.

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TPO-Ayumetrix Kit

Disorders of the thyroid gland are frequently caused by autoimmune mechanisms with the production of autoantibodies. Anti-TPO antibodies activate compliment and are thought to be significantly involved in thyroid dysfunction and the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism.

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TRAb (TSH Receptor Binding Antibody)

Hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease is caused by autoantibodies to the TSH receptor (TSHR), and measurement of these TSHR antibodies can be useful in disease diagnosis and management. The majority of TSH receptor antibodies imitate the action of TSH.

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TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

The best way to initially test thyroid function is to measure the TSH level in a blood sample. A high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is failing because of a problem that is directly affecting the thyroid (primary hypothyroidism). The opposite situation, in which the TSH level is low, usually indicates that the person has an overactive thyroid that is producing too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Occasionally, a low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid (secondary hypothyroidism). In most healthy individuals, a normal TSH value means that the thyroid is functioning normally.

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TSH Antibody

Patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) can develop autoantibodies to TSH. TSH Antibody interferes with TSH measurement. This test aids in understanding disparate laboratory and clinical findings.

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TSH-Ayumetrix Kit

In primary hypothyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are elevated. In primary hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are low. The ability to quantitate circulating levels of TSH is important in evaluating thyroid function. It is especially useful in the differential diagnosis of primary (thyroid) from secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamus) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are significantly elevated, while in secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are low or normal. Elevated or low TSH in the context of normal free thyroxine is often referred to as sub-clinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism, respectively.

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Ultimate Thyroid Panel

Free T3, Free T4, TSH, Thyroglobulin Antibodies, TPO and Reverse T3.

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Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy, LC/MS/MS (Calcitriol)

1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol) is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone. Levels may be high in primary hyperparathyroidism and may be decreased in hypoparathyroidism and chronic renal failure.

This test measures the bioactive form of vitamin D. It is used in the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and to monitor patients with renal osteodystrophy or chronic renal failure. This test is not suitable for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and monitoring supplementation in most patients. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D test is the recommended test for those purposes.

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144 Food Panel IgG (Blood Spot)-US BioTek Kit

Food allergies and sensitivities are recognized to be correlated with many plaguing health conditions, but with proper identification and elimination of offending foods, many experience relief from their symptoms.

The 144 Food “Super Panel” is a comprehensive food sensitivity testing option for patients who may have underlying sensitivities to less conspicuous antigens. Assessing IgG antibody reactivity across a broad range of culturally-diverse foods helps to identify trigger foods in these individuals.

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15 Mold Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

Airborne exposure to molds has been known to cause allergic symptoms in sensitive individuals, including coughing, sneezing, asthma, and skin rashes.

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208 Food Panel IgG (Blood Spot)-US BioTek Kit

Food allergies and sensitivities are recognized to be correlated with many plaguing health conditions, but with proper identification and elimination of offending foods, many experience relief from their symptoms.

The 208 Food Panel is a comprehensive food sensitivity testing option for patients who may have underlying sensitivities to less conspicuous antigens. Assessing IgG antibody reactivity across a broad range of culturally-diverse foods helps to identify trigger foods in these individuals.

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27 Foods IgE + Total IgE (Serum)(Add-on Only)-US BioTek Kit

Add-on Only to US BioTek Food Panels.

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27 Foods IgE + Total IgE (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

An IgE mediated allergic reaction is known as Type 1, or immediate hypersensitivity. Symptoms typically occur soon after exposure to the allergen, and range from mild to severe – they can even be life-threatening.

US BioTek runs all IgE panels on a sophisticated FDA-approved immunoassay analyzer that utilizes enzyme-amplified chemiluminescence technology. Chemiluminescence provides lower detection limits than conventional ELISA, making it particularly suitable for IgE detection, which can be hard to detect due to its short half-life compared to other immunoglobulins.

The 27-Food panel assesses IgE response to 27 foods, carefully selected for their potential reactivity and their relevance to modern diets.

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48 Inhalant Panel IgG (Blood Spot)-US BioTek Kit

Spores and pollens from trees, grasses, mold, dust, and others can produce symptoms that range from minor to severe in affected individuals. Our inhalant panels assess IgG antibody response to 48 common allergens, providing helpful information for effective management of airborne sensitivities.

Specimens are tested in duplicate on ELISA platform. U S BioTek follows a diligent process to extract the key component from each analyte to ensure the antibody present in the patients’ serum will bind to it, and validate with positive and negative controls. The IgG antibodies, once bound to antigen, are detected through spectrophotometric analysis wherein the values are directly proportional to the concentration of the analytes in the sample.

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50 Food Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum) (Add-on Only)-US BioTek Kit

Add-on Only to US BioTek Food Panels.

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50 Food Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

An IgE mediated allergic reaction is known as Type 1, or immediate hypersensitivity. Symptoms typically occur soon after exposure to the allergen, and range from mild to severe – they can even be life-threatening.

US BioTek runs all IgE panels on a sophisticated FDA-approved immunoassay analyzer that utilizes enzyme-amplified chemiluminescence technology. Chemiluminescence provides lower detection limits than conventional ELISA, making it particularly suitable for IgE detection, which can be hard to detect due to its short half-life compared to other immunoglobulins.

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50 Inhalant Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

Aeroallergens from trees, grasses, mold, dust, and others can produce symptoms that range from minor to severe in affected individuals. Our 50 Inhalant IgE Panel assesses antibody response to 50 airborne allergens, providing helpful information for effective allergy management.

Specimens are tested in duplicate on ELISA platform. US BioTek follows a diligent process to extract the key component from each analyte to ensure the antibody present in the patients’ serum will bind to it, and validate with positive and negative controls. The IgG antibodies, once bound to antigen, are detected through spectrophotometric analysis wherein the values are directly proportional to the concentration of the analytes in the sample.

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96 Food Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum) (Add-On Only)-US BioTek Kit

Add-on Only to US BioTek Food Panels.

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96 Food Panel IgE + Total IgE (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

An IgE mediated allergic reaction is known as Type 1, or immediate hypersensitivity. Symptoms typically occur soon after exposure to the allergen, and range from mild to severe – they can even be life-threatening.

US BioTek runs all IgE panels on a sophisticated FDA-approved immunoassay analyzer that utilizes enzyme-amplified chemiluminescence technology. Chemiluminescence provides lower detection limits than conventional ELISA, making it particularly suitable for IgE detection, which can be hard to detect due to its short half-life compared to other immunoglobulins.

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96 Food Panel IgG (Blood Spot)-US BioTek Kit

Food allergies and sensitivities are recognized to be correlated with many plaguing health conditions, but with proper identification and elimination of offending foods, many experience relief from their symptoms. The IgG antibody assessment can serve as a useful tool in the identification of trigger foods in individuals.

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Allergen Egg (Yolk and White) IgG

Measures IgG antibodies to egg yolks and egg whites. This test, and any food specific allergen IgG result, should not be used for the diagnosis of allergic or atopic disease states (except for sensitivity to milk in neonates and gluten sensitivity). The use of food specific allergen IgG results should be restricted to the assessment of response to therapeutic interventions.

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Allergix® Bloodspot IgG4 Food Antibodies 30 Profile-Genova Kit

The IgG4 Food Antibodies is a food sensitivity test which uses a simple blood spot to measure the total IgG levels reacting to common food antigens. Using the blood spot kit means this food intolerance test is simple enough for the client to use at home. IgG4 antibody is related to delayed or non–atopic food reactions that exacerbate or contribute to many different health problems. This antibody food sensitivity test is ideal for patients who may suffer from delayed reactions/sensitivities to specific foods.

From a simple finger stick, the Bloodspot IgG4 Food Antibodies Profile offers a non–invasive alternative to a blood draw in determining IgG food sensitivity reactions. Responses to 30 different foods are tested, and responses are categorized by severity from borderline to mild, moderate, or severe on the report.

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Allergix® IgG4 & IgE Food Antibodies Profile-Genova Kit

Tests for IgG4 and IgE Antibodies.

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Allergix® IgG4 Food Antibodies 90 – Serum-Genova Kit

An IgG4 response to food is actually more common than the IgE response, which causes an immediate reaction. These food sensitivity reactions are more difficult to notice since they can occur hours or even days after consumption of an offending food. In some cases, a person’s reaction to a food may occur several days after eating the offending food and the link between the food and their symptoms may not be connected. These hidden food “allergies” are actually food “sensitivities” and are caused by increasing blood levels of IgG4 antibodies in reaction to specific foods. This profile measures the IgG4 levels in serum that react to 90 different foods, including commonly eaten foods such as corn, milk, egg, and wheat.

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Allergy Mold Panel, Complete

Bodies of people with allergies produce antibodies against common environmental substances that create allergy symptoms. The antibodies produce histamine which causes an allergic response. Although the reaction is based on a healthy bodily function designed to protect us from toxins in the environment, many allergies cause extreme suffering due to sneezing, congestion and sinus headaches. Allergic rhinitis, red, itchy eyes and asthma can severely limit and restrict one’s lifestyle. Mold spores frequently become airborne, and like pollen, can cause allergic disease. When the body experiences sensitivity or an allergy to a substance it produces antibodies that are specific to the allergen, called Immunoglobulin E (IgE) which can be measured in the blood.

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Anti-Gliadin Antibody Assay-Immuno Labs Kit

Over 100 chronic conditions, including celiac disease, have been associated with increased levels of Anti-Gliadin antibody (gliadin is the protein component of gluten). Since the 1970’s, gluten-free diets have shown to be a reliable treatment in allowing celiac patients to return to “normalcy.” Recent research has shown the detection of Anti-Gliadin IgG and IgA to be an indicator of gliadin involvement in the medical condition. The Anti-Gliadin Antibody Assay (AGA) detects both IgG and IgA to gliadin by the ELISA method. This test is a very effective screening test for gliadin and is a good method for monitoring patients’ adherence to a gluten-free diet.

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Candida Albicans-Immuno Labs Kit

Candida albicans is a common yeast which normally exists on and in our bodies. Sometimes Candida can “overgrow” in the intestinal tract as a result of frequent dosage of antibiotics or steroids, use of oral contraceptives and diets high in sugar and yeast-containing foods. Candida that enters the blood causes the production of immunoglobulins which can be detected by this test.

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Casein (f78) IgG

Tests for IgG Antibodies to Casein, a protein found in milk and other dairy products.

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Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity; bloodspot-Doctor’s Data Kit

Celiac disease (CD) is often undiagnosed and is caused in genetically predisposed individuals by abnormal intestinal permeability and abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein complex found in wheat, barley, spelt and rye. The inflammatory autoimmune response is associated with extreme damage to the lining of the small bowel and is associated with diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, nutritional deficiencies, and systemic autoimmune conditions. Although most commonly diagnosed in children, CD is often not expressed until later in life (delayed onset). It has been hypothesized that a gradual or abrupt change in the gastrointestinal microbiome may be responsible for delayed on set. Non-Celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) can cause similar symptoms but without the same level of intestinal epithelial tissue damage.

Individuals with NCGS are often spared the intestinal damage common in Celiac patients, but suffer from abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and many “extra-intestinal” symptoms such as “foggy mind”, depression, ADHD-like behavior, headaches, bone or joint pain, and chronic fatigue when they have gluten in their diet. There are many antigenic triggers (epitopes) in the gluten protein complex that have cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and gut permeating properties.

Wheat allergy is caused by an individual’s IgE antibody response to many classes of wheat proteins including; serine protease inhibitors, gliadins, glutelins, prolamins and gluten. Symptoms of a wheat allergy reaction can range from mild, such as hives, to severe, such as anaphylaxis. Wheat allergy symptoms are sometimes confused with those of CD/NCGS, but these conditions differ and testing for IgE antibodies to wheat can aid in making the proper diagnosis.
Allergy

Antibody tests that indicate possible CD and NCGS will only be accurate if the client is on a gluten-inclusive diet.

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Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity; Serum-Doctor’s Data Kit

Helps identify and differentiate between Celiac disease (CD), non-Celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), and wheat allergy.

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Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity-Genova Kit

The Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity test tests a client’s blood for total IgA as well as IgA specific antibodies for possible celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue or gluten sensitivity, is a chronic autoimmune (body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues) disease which has a genetic component and may affect several family members. Celiac is a lifelong condition with no cure however, it is manageable once diagnosed.

Celiac disease is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten, which is found in bread, pasta, cookies, pizza crust, and many other foods containing wheat, barley, or rye. When a person with Celiac Disease eats food containing gluten, an immune reaction occurs in the small intestine, resulting in damage to the surface of the small intestine and an inability to absorb certain nutrients from food.

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Celiac Panel (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, or idiopathic sprue, is a hereditary response to gliadin, a protein present in wheat, rye, and barley grain. The immune reaction to the gluten protein sets off an inflammatory state that may cause diarrhea, abdominal cramping, flatulence, weight loss, fatigue, malaise, and other symptoms. Through proper screening and adherence to a gluten-free diet, affected individuals can find relief to these symptoms.

US BioTek’s Celiac Antibody Panel is a quantitative analysis that measures for serum tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA & IgG, in addition to IgA and IgG antibodies specific for deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP). These useful markers can help healthcare providers to identify untreated celiac disease or monitor compliance to a gluten-free diet.

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Egg Sub-Fraction-Immuno Labs Kit

Sometimes patients ask if they can have egg white or egg yolk if they test positive for the whole egg. The two main components of egg are egg-white and egg-yolk. These two sub-fractions of egg are tested separately. Most people are positive to both. When positive to one sub-fraction and negative to the other, the negative component may be eaten.

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ELISA/Act All Inclusive (512 Items)-Kit

The Lymphocyte Response Assay (LRA) by ELISA/ACT, developed by ELISA/ACT Biotechnologies LLC (EAB), makes it possible to examine the general health of a client’s immune system by monitoring delayed hypersensitivity responses to over 500 common substances. The tests identify reactive substances, which may be provoking the client’s chronic condition. Patients are also provided a personalized treatment plan to help eliminate these sensitivities and restore overall health.

LRA by ELISA/ACT tests are the only tests that detect all 3 delayed allergy pathways (Type II, Type III, and Type IV) and offers the most items for testing. It identifies only symptom provoking reactive substances, not merely the presence of antibodies, which can be harmful or protective. The unique ex vivo system tests the lymphocytes as though they are still in the bloodstream being exposed to foreign invaders, thereby, providing highly specific and accurate information.

This complete assessment of delayed reactions is useful to patients and physicians in developing a cost-effective, individualized treatment plan to improve the client’s overall health.

The Comprehensive test panel is recommended for people with complex, long term, multi-system conditions and symptoms.

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ELISA/Act Basic (144 Items)-Kit

The Lymphocyte Response Assay (LRA) by ELISA/ACT, developed by ELISA/ACT Biotechnologies LLC (EAB), makes it possible to examine the general health of a client’s immune system by monitoring delayed hypersensitivity responses to over 500 common substances. The tests identify reactive substances, which may be provoking the client’s chronic condition. Patients are also provided a personalized treatment plan to help eliminate these sensitivities and restore overall health.

LRA by ELISA/ACT tests are the only tests that detect all 3 delayed allergy pathways (Type II, Type III, and Type IV) and offers the most items for testing. It identifies only symptom provoking reactive substances, not merely the presence of antibodies, which can be harmful or protective. The unique ex vivo system tests the lymphocytes as though they are still in the bloodstream being exposed to foreign invaders, thereby, providing highly specific and accurate information.

This complete assessment of delayed reactions is useful to patients and physicians in developing a cost-effective, individualized treatment plan to improve the client’s overall health.

The Basic Panel is recommended for simple, recent onset conditions.

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ELISA/Act Comprehensive (317 Items)-Kit

The Lymphocyte Response Assay (LRA) by ELISA/ACT, developed by ELISA/ACT Biotechnologies LLC (EAB), makes it possible to examine the general health of a client’s immune system by monitoring delayed hypersensitivity responses to common substances. The tests identify reactive substances, which may be provoking the client’s chronic condition. Patients are also provided a personalized treatment plan to help eliminate these sensitivities and restore overall health.

LRA by ELISA/ACT tests are the only tests that detect all 3 delayed allergy pathways (Type II, Type III, and Type IV) and offers the most items for testing. It identifies only symptom provoking reactive substances, not merely the presence of antibodies, which can be harmful or protective. The unique ex vivo system tests the lymphocytes as though they are still in the bloodstream being exposed to foreign invaders, thereby, providing highly specific and accurate information.

This complete assessment of delayed reactions is useful to patients and physicians in developing a cost-effective, individualized treatment plan to improve the client’s overall health.

The Comprehensive test panel is recommended for people with complex, long term, multi-system conditions and symptoms.

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ELISA/Act Comprehensive+Medications (349 Items)-Kit

Complete evaluation of the body’s delayed immune response.

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ELISA/Act Enhanced Basic (212 items)-Kit

Complete evaluation of the body’s delayed immune response.

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ELISA/Act Medications 32-Kit

ELISA/Act Medications 32-Kit.

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ELISA/Act Professional’s Choice (389 Items)-Kit

Complete evaluation of the body’s delayed immune response.

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Food Allergy Profile

Bodies of people with allergies produce antibodies against common environmental substances that create allergy symptoms. The antibodies produce histamine which causes an allergic response. Although the reaction is based on a healthy bodily function designed to protect us from toxins in the environment, many allergies cause extreme suffering. When the body experiences sensitivity or an allergy to a substance it produces antibodies that are specific to the allergen, called Immunoglobulin E (IgE) which can be measured in the blood.

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Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (Alpha-Gal) IgE

The Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (Alpha-Gal) IgE test more specifically defines the etiology of allergic responses to meat allergens in patients with a delayed onset of symptoms (3 to 6 hours after meal). IgE to Alpha-Gal is the likely cause of anaphylactic reactions in individuals who develop hypersensitivities to beef, pork and/or lamb as adults.

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Gliadin Antibody Profile (IgG, IgA)

Gliadin is a class of proteins found in the gluten of wheat, rye, barley, and oats. This test is used to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain gluten-sensitive enteropathies(diseases of the intestinal tract), such as celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.

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Gluten (f79) IgE

Measures IgE antibodies to gluten. An immunoglobulin E (IgE) test measures the blood level of IgE, one of the five subclasses of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system that attack antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and allergens. These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. IgE (or immunoglobulin E) allergies are immediate responses to a foreign substance that has entered the body. IgE allergies can cause very serious symptoms like difficulty breathing, swelling, and hives. In even more serious cases IgE reactions can lead to anaphylactic shock. IgE antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes.

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Histamine Determination, Plasma

Histamine is a mediator of the allergic response. Histamine release causes itching, flushing, hives, vomiting, syncope, and even shock. In addition, some patients with gastric carcinoids may exhibit high concentrations of histamine.

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Histamine, 24-Hour Urine

Histamine is a mediator of the allergic response. Histamine release causes itching, flushing, hives, vomiting, syncope, and even shock. In addition, some patients with gastric carcinoids may exhibit high concentrations of histamine. This test aids in evaluation of patients with allergic signs and symptoms, i.e. anaphylaxis. May also assist when diagnosing and monitoring mast-cell activation disorders or when evaluating histamine production over a longer time frame.

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IgE Food/Mold Panel-Immuno Labs Kit

Some individuals experience immediate (Type I) allergy symptoms when exposed to pollens, dust, animal dander and foods. Recently, more convenient blood tests have been developed to detect IgE specific for many allergens. Diagnosing specific allergies is the first step in a program of client health recovery.

This test detects serum IgE specific for airborne allergens and foods.

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IgE Inhalants Profile (14 IgE Inhalants + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

Genova Diagnostics’ IgE inhalants is an allergy test which evaluates serum IgE antibody levels region-specific common pollens and environmental inhalants. This is an ideal allergy test for patients with suspected environmental and/or seasonal allergies. Specifically, this allergy test evaluates 14 common environmental inhalants specific to 18 North American geographic regions and Total IgE.

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IgE Molds Profile (15 IgE Molds + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

Genova Diagnostics’ IgE Mold is an allergy test which evaluates serum IgE antibody levels to 15 molds. This is an ideal allergy test for patients with suspected environmental mold allergies. Specifically, this allergy test evaluates antibody levels to 14 common molds and Total IgE.

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IgG Food Antibodies (87 IgG Foods + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

IgG Food Antibody Assessment is a food sensitivity test which helps identify those with true IgE-mediated allergies as well as IgG-mediated food sensitivities. This immunological food sensitivity test measures IgG antibody levels to 87 foods, and total IgE. Additional sensitivity tests are also available for regional inhalants, molds, vegetables, and spices. This antibody food sensitivity test is ideal for patients who may suffer from delayed reactions/sensitivities to specific foods. It may also provide insight on intolerances, or non-immune responses, to certain foods. Additionally, the IgG Food Antibody Assessment includes information on implementing an Elimination Diet based on the client test results.

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IgG Spice Profile (24 IgG spices + Total IgE)-Genova Kit

Genova Diagnostics IgG Spices allergy test evaluates serum levels of IgG and total IgE antibodies for 24 frequently used culinary herbs and spices. Using ELISA technology to evaluate the serum levels, this allergy test is ideal for patients with suspected allergic reactions to spices and herbs.

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Immunoglobulin A, (IgA) Quantitative

IgA is found in high concentrations in the body’s mucous membranes, particularly the respiratory passages and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in saliva and tears.

IgA also plays a role in allergic reactions. Levels rise in response to the presence of allergens, such as pet dander, in sensitive people. IgA levels may also be high in autoimmune conditions(disorders in which the body mistakenly makes antibodies against healthy tissues).

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Immunoglobulin E, (IgE) Total

IgE is associated with allergies, allergic diseases, and with parasitic infections. It is almost always measured as part of an allergy testing blood panel.

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Immunoglobulin G, (IgG) Quantitative, Serum

About 70-80% of the immunoglobulin in the blood is IgG. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms. Specific IgG antibodies are produced during an initial infection or exposure, rising a few weeks after it begins, then decreasing and stabilizing. The body retains a catalog of IgG antibodies that can be rapidly reproduced whenever exposed to the same antigen. In those with a normal immune system, sufficient IgG is produced to prevent re-infection.

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Immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM

Test Includes: Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) – IgA comprises about 15% of the total serum immunoglobulins but is also found in saliva, tears, respiratory and gastric secretions, and breast milk. It provides protection against infection in mucosal areas of the body such as the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. When passed from mother to baby during breast-feeding, it helps protect the infant’s gastrointestinal tract. Significant amounts of IgA are not present until after 6 months of age.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – About 70-80% of the immunoglobulin in the blood is IgG. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms. Specific IgG antibodies are produced during an initial infection or exposure, rising a few weeks after it begins, then decreasing and stabilizing. In those with a normal immune system, sufficient IgG is produced to prevent re-infection. IgG is the only immunoglobulin that can pass through the placenta. The mother’s IgG antibodies provide protection to the fetus during pregnancy and to the baby during its first few months of life.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) – IgM antibodies are produced as a body’s first response to a new infection, providing short-term protection. They increase for several weeks and then decline as IgG production begins.

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Maize/Corn (f8) IgG

Measures IgG Antibodies to Maize/Corn. Allergy testing.

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Secretory IgA; stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

Immunological activity in the gastrointestinal tract can be assessed using secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Secretory IgA is the predominant antibody, or immune protein the body manufactures and releases in external secretions such as saliva, tears, and milk. It is also transported through the epithelial cells that line the intestines out into the lumen. Secretory IgA represents the first line of defense of the GI mucosa and is central to the normal function of the GI tract as an immune barrier. As the principal immunoglobulin isotype present in mucosal secretions, sIgA plays an important role in controlling intestinal milieu which is constantly presented with potentially harmful antigens such as pathogenic bacteria, parasites, yeast, viruses, abnormal cell antigens, and allergenic proteins. Secretory IgA antibodies exert their function by binding to antigenic epitopes on the invading microorganism, limiting their mobility and adhesion to the epithelium of the mucus membrane. This prevents the antigens from reaching systemic circulation and allowing them to be excreted directly in the feces.

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Soybean (f14) IgG

Measures the amount of IgG antibodies to Soybean.

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Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG), IgA

The finding of IgA-tTG antibodies is highly specific for celiac disease and possibly for dermatitis herpetiformis. Individuals with moderately-to-strongly positive results are highly likely to have celiac disease.

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Tissue Transglutaminase Assay (tTG)-ImmunoLabs Kit

Celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis, the two recognized forms of gluten sensitive enteropathy [disease of the intestinal tract](GSE) are shown by chronic inflammation on the intestinal mucous membranes and flattening of the membranous cellular tissue lining or positive hardening or death of the soft long hairs of the intestinal tract. Intolerance to gluten, the protein of wheat, rye and barley causes GSE.

Patients with celiac disease may suffer other diverse side effects or they may not have any symptoms.

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Tomato (f25) IgE

Measures IgE antibodies to Tomato. An immunoglobulin E (IgE) test measures the blood level of IgE, one of the five subclasses of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system that attack antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and allergens. These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. IgE (or immunoglobulin E) allergies are immediate responses to a foreign substance that has entered the body. IgE allergies can cause very serious symptoms like difficulty breathing, swelling, and hives. In even more serious cases IgE reactions can lead to anaphylactic shock. IgE antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes.

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Total IgE-Immuno Labs Kit

Immunoglobulins of the IgE class play an important role in mediating the atopic reactions that occur when sensitive individuals are exposed to allergens. In general, the total IgE level increases with the number of allergies a person has and with the amount of exposure to relevant allergens. The finding of an elevated total IgE is an excellent screening assay.

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Wheat (f4) IgG

Measures IgG antibodies to Wheat. IgG reactions may not happen immediately, but can take hours or even days to show up in your skin or intestines, and cause symptoms related to inflammation like headaches, fatigue, brain fog, or joint pain. People with food intolerance may experience nausea, constipation, diarrhea, or skin itching and rashes including conditions like eczema and psoriasis.

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Ammonia, Plasma

Ammonia is one of the by-products of protein metabolism that is normally transported to the liver. Elevated blood ammonia levels have been associated with severe liver dysfunction such as hepatic encephalopathy, coma resulting from cirrhosis, severe hepatitis, Reye’s syndrome, and drug hepatotoxicity. Also, elevated blood ammonia has been reported in cardiac failure, azotemia, and pulmonary emphysema. Correlation between plasma ammonia and the degree of encephalopathy can be erratic.

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Anti-Gliadin Antibody Assay-Immuno Labs Kit

Over 100 chronic conditions, including celiac disease, have been associated with increased levels of Anti-Gliadin antibody (gliadin is the protein component of gluten). Since the 1970’s, gluten-free diets have shown to be a reliable treatment in allowing celiac patients to return to “normalcy.” Recent research has shown the detection of Anti-Gliadin IgG and IgA to be an indicator of gliadin involvement in the medical condition. The Anti-Gliadin Antibody Assay (AGA) detects both IgG and IgA to gliadin by the ELISA method. This test is a very effective screening test for gliadin and is a good method for monitoring patients’ adherence to a gluten-free diet.

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Bacteriology Culture/Sensitivities; stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Bacteriology Culture profile can identify the presence of beneficial flora, imbalanced flora including Clostridium species, and dysbiotic flora, as well as detect infectious pathogens.

A good balance of beneficial microflora has been known to be associated with health benefits since the turn of the century. At that time Metchnikoff drew attention to the adverse effects of dysbiotic gut microflora on the host and suggested that ingestion of fermented milks ameliorated what he called “autointoxication.” He proposed that the consumption of large quantities of Lactobacillus species would reduce the number of toxin-producing bacteria and result in better health and increased lifespan.

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Beta-glucuronidase; stool (Add-On Only)-Doctor’s Data Kit

Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme that breaks the tight bond between glucuronic acid and toxins in the intestines. The binding of toxins in the gut is protective by way of blocking their absorption and facilitating excretion. Higher levels of beta-glucuronidase may be associated with an imbalanced intestinal microbiota profile, as well as higher circulating estrogens and lower fecal excretion of estrogens in premenopausal women.

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Beta-Glucuronidase; Stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

An enzyme that breaks the tight bond between glucuronic acid & toxins in the intestines.

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Bile Acids (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

This add on to CDSA tests bile acids which are end products of liver fat breakdown that play an important role in fat blending and purification. High levels of secondary bile acids can result from an excess of dietary fat and animal protein, and may be associated with increased risk of gall stones and certain cancers.

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Calprotectin (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Calprotectin is a valuable clinical marker for inflammation associated with infectious, sore and harmful processes of the GI (Gastrointestinal) tract. It is the noninvasive “test of choice” for telling the difference between Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).

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Calprotectin Stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

Calprotectin is a reliable noninvasive marker for differentiating gastrointestinal inflammation associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) from inflammation that may be associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Such differentiation is very important because IBD can be life threatening. Monitoring the levels of fecal calprotectin can play an essential role in determining the effectiveness of clinical interventions, and is a good predictor of IBD remission and relapse. Calprotectin provides clinicians with a valuable tool, not only for differentiating IBD from IBS, but also allowing them to monitor and predict treatment outcomes and enabling better management of IBD flare ups.

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Calprotectin, Stool

The test helps to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis and to differentiate IBD from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

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Calprotectin-Diagnostic Solutions Kit

Calprotectin is a protein released by a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil. When there is inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, neutrophils move to the area and release calprotectin, resulting in an increased level in the stool.

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Calprotectin-Genova Kit

The Calprotectin gastrointestinal test effectively distinguishes Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). IBS and IBD often cause similar symptoms of abdominal pain, cramping, and chronic diarrhea, making an accurate diagnosis difficult. Calprotectin reliably differentiates IBS from IBD using a client-friendly, non-invasive, stool test. This is a one day collection kit.

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Campylobacter & Shiga-like Toxin (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Evaluates stool for the presence of Campylobacter and Shiga Toxins (Stx1 & Stx2) produced by Shiga Toxin-producing Esherichia coli strains, the most common of which is E. coli O157:H7, as an adjunct to CDSA and CDSA 2.0. Campylobacter and Shiga-like Toxin by EIA detection is indicated for patients with acute diarrhea.

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Campylobacter (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Campylobacteriosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea illness in the United States. Most cases occur as isolated, infrequent events, not as part of recognized outbreaks. Most people who become ill with campylobacteriosis get diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever within two to five days after exposure to the organism. The illness typically lasts about one week. Some infected persons do not have any symptoms. In persons with compromised immune systems, Campylobacter occasionally spreads to the bloodstream and causes a serious life-threatening infection. This test is an add on test to most Genova stool kits.

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Candida albicans Antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM)

Candidiasis, or Candida albicans is the most prominent fungal infection and it is commonly associated with both acute and chronic diseases. Chronic exposure to Candida, especially when this yeast has colonized directly on or has become invasive into the mucosal tissues, can result in the elevation of specific antibodies in the IgG, IgA, and IgM classes (Candidiasis).

Elevated IgG can be indicative of past or ongoing infections.
Elevated IgA antibodies may reflect a more superficial Candida infection.
Elevated IgM reflects a present infection.

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Candida Albicans-Immuno Labs Kit

Candida albicans is a common yeast which normally exists on and in our bodies. Sometimes Candida can “overgrow” in the intestinal tract as a result of frequent dosage of antibiotics or steroids, use of oral contraceptives and diets high in sugar and yeast-containing foods. Candida that enters the blood causes the production of immunoglobulins which can be detected by this test.

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Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity; bloodspot-Doctor’s Data Kit

Celiac disease (CD) is often undiagnosed and is caused in genetically predisposed individuals by abnormal intestinal permeability and abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein complex found in wheat, barley, spelt and rye. The inflammatory autoimmune response is associated with extreme damage to the lining of the small bowel and is associated with diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, nutritional deficiencies, and systemic autoimmune conditions. Although most commonly diagnosed in children, CD is often not expressed until later in life (delayed onset). It has been hypothesized that a gradual or abrupt change in the gastrointestinal microbiome may be responsible for delayed on set. Non-Celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) can cause similar symptoms but without the same level of intestinal epithelial tissue damage.

Individuals with NCGS are often spared the intestinal damage common in Celiac patients, but suffer from abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and many “extra-intestinal” symptoms such as “foggy mind”, depression, ADHD-like behavior, headaches, bone or joint pain, and chronic fatigue when they have gluten in their diet. There are many antigenic triggers (epitopes) in the gluten protein complex that have cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and gut permeating properties.

Wheat allergy is caused by an individual’s IgE antibody response to many classes of wheat proteins including; serine protease inhibitors, gliadins, glutelins, prolamins and gluten. Symptoms of a wheat allergy reaction can range from mild, such as hives, to severe, such as anaphylaxis. Wheat allergy symptoms are sometimes confused with those of CD/NCGS, but these conditions differ and testing for IgE antibodies to wheat can aid in making the proper diagnosis.
Allergy

Antibody tests that indicate possible CD and NCGS will only be accurate if the client is on a gluten-inclusive diet.

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Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity; Serum-Doctor’s Data Kit

Helps identify and differentiate between Celiac disease (CD), non-Celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), and wheat allergy.

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Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity-Genova Kit

The Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity test tests a client’s blood for total IgA as well as IgA specific antibodies for possible celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue or gluten sensitivity, is a chronic autoimmune (body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues) disease which has a genetic component and may affect several family members. Celiac is a lifelong condition with no cure however, it is manageable once diagnosed.

Celiac disease is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten, which is found in bread, pasta, cookies, pizza crust, and many other foods containing wheat, barley, or rye. When a person with Celiac Disease eats food containing gluten, an immune reaction occurs in the small intestine, resulting in damage to the surface of the small intestine and an inability to absorb certain nutrients from food.

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Celiac Disease Diagnostic Panel

Celiac disease is characterized by the presence of Transglutaminase, Gliadin, and Reticulin Antibodies. Such patients display a hypersensitivity to gluten (wheat) in their diet. The antibody is undetectable when patients with hypersensitivity are placed on gluten-free diets. Antibody IgA is more specific and IgG is more sensitive to Celiac disease.

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Celiac Panel (Serum)-US BioTek Kit

Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, or idiopathic sprue, is a hereditary response to gliadin, a protein present in wheat, rye, and barley grain. The immune reaction to the gluten protein sets off an inflammatory state that may cause diarrhea, abdominal cramping, flatulence, weight loss, fatigue, malaise, and other symptoms. Through proper screening and adherence to a gluten-free diet, affected individuals can find relief to these symptoms.

US BioTek’s Celiac Antibody Panel is a quantitative analysis that measures for serum tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA & IgG, in addition to IgA and IgG antibodies specific for deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP). These useful markers can help healthcare providers to identify untreated celiac disease or monitor compliance to a gluten-free diet.

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Chymotrypsin (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

This test measures the amount of chymotrypsin in stool in order to help evaluate pancreatic function. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes that digest protein in the small intestine. Their inactive precursors, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, are produced in the pancreas and transported to the small intestine.

In the small intestine, trypsinogen is activated and turned into trypsin. Trypsin then in turn activates chymotrypsinogen to form chymotrypsin. Together, they are responsible for breaking down the protein in food into smaller pieces called peptides. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are detectable in both the small intestine and in the stool if the pancreas is functioning normally.

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CICA: Full Array (Add-On Only)-Cell Science Systems Kit

The Celiac, IBS, and Crohn’s Array (CICA) evaluates your genetic risk for celiac disease, serum markers associated with active celiac disease process, and genetic serum markers associated with Crohn’s disease.

The CICA is a comprehensive test array that analyzes genetic predisposition, detects specific antibodies, and measures potentially inflammatory cellular reactions all through one simple blood draw.

Celiac disease risk analysis is determined based on the presence or absence of the HLA-DQ genotypes. Both the DQ8 and DQ2.5 genotypes are tested in this array, with the DQ2.5 genotypes representing a much greater risk of celiac disease. Four specific serum antibodies (DGP IgG/IgA and tTG IgG/IgA) are tested due to their high sensitivity and specificity for active celiac disease. The higher the antibody levels, the more likely untreated celiac disease is present. Genetic markers, mutations in the ATG16L1 and NOD2 genes, associated with the Crohn’s disease are tested along with serologic markers for complete assessment. Anti-Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Antibody (ASCA; IgG/IgA) are immune proteins that are frequently present in people who have Crohn’s disease. The presence of ASCA may also reflect increased intestinal inflammation and permeability, including an association with active Crohn’s disease.

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CICA: Full Array-Cell Science Systems Kit

Celiac, IBS & Crohn’s Array evaluates your genetic risk for celiac disease.

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CICA: Genetic Only-Cell Science Systems Kit

HLA typing for celiac disease: HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ8; Genetic Markers for Crohn’s: ATG16L1 and NOD2.

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CICA: Serologic/Antibody Only-Cell Science Systems Kit

The Celiac, IBS, and Crohn’s Array (CICA) evaluates your genetic risk for celiac disease, serum markers associated with active celiac disease process, and genetic serum markers associated with Crohn’s disease. The CICA is a comprehensive test array that analyzes genetic predisposition, detects specific antibodies, and measures potentially inflammatory cellular reactions all through one simple blood draw.

In active celiac disease, damaged enterocytes produce tTG, therefore antibodies against tTG (IgA and/or IgG) are indicative of an active disease process. In patients with normal total IgA levels and negative tTG antibodies, the diagnosis of active celiac disease is unlikely. However, a certain percentage of patients with celiac disease may be seronegative. If tTG IgA is negative, while celiac disease is suspected, then additional markers included in this panel become more relevant in the diagnosis of gluten-related disorders. Deaminated gliadin can bind with tTG and become immunogenic. Therefore, detecting the presence of elevated IgA and/or IgG antibodies against DGP is an additional indicator of an active celiac disease process. ASCA is an indicator for the presence of Crohn’s disease. The presence of ASCA may also reflect increased intestinal inflammation and permeability, including that associated with active celiac disease. It is common for celiac disease patients to be IgA deficient. It is the most common immunologic deficiency (1:400-1:700 in the general population and 1:50 in celiac disease patients) and may be the single largest contributor to false negative results in biopsy confirmed celiac disease patients. Total Serum IgA is used as a measurement to qualify IgA testing for tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and deaminated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibody levels. When IgA levels are low or deficient, it is important to check IgG levels for both tTG and DGP (included in this array).

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Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Add only only for CDSA or CDSA 2.0, GI Effects and GI Effects Microbial. Clostridium difficile is a spore producing bacteria that generally causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea. This form of diarrhea is usually associated with antibiotic therapy.

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Comprehensive Clostridium Culture-Doctor’s Data Kit

To aid in the identification and differentiation of Clostridium species, Doctor’s Data’s specialized anaerobic culture optimized for Clostridium detects nearly 40 beneficial and pathogenic species, including C. botulinum, C. tetani and C. perfringens, as well as C. difficile, which is often present in healthy individuals, but can be associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. If C. difficile is cultured at any level, the sample is automatically tested for all known toxigenic strains using an FDA-cleared, molecular diagnostic DNA assay at no additional charge.

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Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA)™-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA) is the original noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal function that includes digestion, absorption, bacterial balance, metabolism, yeast and immune status for patients with general GI-related symptoms, such as indigestion, microbial imbalance, constipation, and diarrhea.

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Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis 2.0™ (CDSA/P 2.0) with Parasitology-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis 2.0™ (CDSA 2.0) is an advanced stool test that provides immediate, actionable clinical information for the management of gastrointestinal health. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies and biomarkers, this test offers valuable insight into digestive function, intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal microbiome.

The biomarkers from the CDSA 2.0 Profile are reported using the DIG framework, providing key clinical information for three main gastrointestinal functional areas:

Digestion/Absorption:Pancreatic Elastase-1 is a marker of exocrine pancreatic function. Putrefactive Short–Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) are markers of undigested protein reaching the colon.

Inflammation/Immunology: Calprotectin is a marker of neutrophil-driven inflammation. Produced in abundance at sites of inflammation, this biomarker has been proven clinically useful in differentiating between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Eosinophil Protein X is a marker of eosinophil-driven inflammation and allergic response.

Gut Microbiome: Metabolic indicators demonstrate specific and vital metabolic functions performed by the microbiota. These include:
Beneficial Short–Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), including n–Butyrate, are fermentation products produced by bacterial action on fiber and resistant starch. N-butyrate is the primary fuel source for colonocytes. pH is influenced by macronutrient composition, bacterial populations, and transit time. Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by bacteria that relates to the metabolism and detoxification of certain substances. Secondary Bile Acids, including Lithocholic Acid (LCA) and Deoxycholic Acid (DCA), and the LCA/DCA ratio, assess the bacterial conversion of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. Bacteria and mycology cultures demonstrate the presence of specific beneficial and pathogenic organisms. Bacteria and mycology sensitivities are provided for pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms that have been cultured. The report includes effective prescriptive and natural agents. Parasitology CDSA 2.0 provides microscopic fecal specimen examination for ova and parasites (O&P), the gold standard of diagnosis for many parasites. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), widely recognized for its diagnostic utility in the detection of pathogenic antigens, is used for the identification of Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. The report includes effective prescriptive and natural agents, MIC Sensitivities, Yeast or Bacteria and Short Chain Fatty Acids Distribution.

CDSA 2.0 is also available without parasitology.

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Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis/Parasitology™ (CDSA/P)-Genova Kit

The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA)™ with parasitology offers a comprehensive look at the overall health of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The (CDSA)™ is Genova?s historic evaluation of gastrointestinal function assessing a select set of stool biomarkers.

This stool analysis evaluates:

• Digestion/Absorption Markers
• Gut Metabolic Markers
• Gut Microbiology Markers
• Gold standard O&P (ova & parasite) technology as well as EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay) for identification of common parasites

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Comprehensive Parasitology Profile-Genova Kit

An ideal test for patients with sudden changes in bowel pattern, especially for those who have been traveling abroad or camping and can help reveal hidden causes behind acute or chronic conditions that develop from parasitic infections. This is a three-day collection test.

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Comprehensive Parasitology x1-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Comprehensive Parasitology profile is an important tool for identifying imbalances in intestinal microflora. It includes comprehensive bacteriology and yeast cultures to identify the presence of beneficial flora, imbalanced flora including Clostridium species, and dysbiotic flora, as well as detection of infectious pathogens and evaluation for the presence of parasites. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to prescriptive and natural agents is also performed for appropriate bacterial and fungal species at no additional charge.

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Comprehensive Parasitology x2-Doctor’s Data Kit

Helps identify imbalances in intestinal microflora.

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Comprehensive Parasitology x3-Doctor’s Data Kit

Helps identify imbalances in intestinal microflora.

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Comprehensive Stool Analysis w/Parasitology x1-Doctor’s Data Kit

The Comprehensive Stool Analysis is a noninvasive assessment of digestive and absorptive functions that includes digestion, absorption, bacterial balance, metabolism, inflammation, yeast and immune status for patients with nonspecific GI-related symptoms, such as indigestion, dysbiosis (microbial imbalance), constipation, and diarrhea, as well as the presence of adaptable pathogens and monitoring the usefulness of therapeutic treatment of Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders.

Important information regarding the efficiency of digestion and absorption can be gleaned from the measurement of the fecal levels of elastase (pancreatic exocrine sufficiency), fat, muscle and vegetable fibers, and carbohydrates.

Inflammation can significantly increase intestinal permeability and compromise assimilation of nutrients. The extent of inflammation, whether caused by pathogens or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can be assessed and monitored by examination of the levels of biomarkers such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, white blood cells and mucus. These markers can be used to differentiate between inflammation associated with potentially life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which requires lifelong treatment, and less severe inflammation that can be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is frequently due to the presence of enteroinvasive pathogens. Lactoferrin is only markedly elevated prior to and during the active phases of IBD, but not with IBS. Monitoring fecal lactoferrin levels in patients with IBD can therefore facilitate timely treatment of IBD, and the test can be ordered separately. Since the vast majority of secretory IgA (sIgA) is normally present in the GI tract, where it prevents binding of pathogens and antigens to the mucosal membrane, it is essential to know the status of sIgA in the gut. sIgA is the only bona fide marker of humoral immune status in the GI tract.

Cornerstones of good health include proper digestion of food, assimilation of nutrients, exclusion of pathogens and timely elimination of waste. To obtain benefits from food that is consumed, nutrients must be appropriately digested and then efficiently absorbed into portal circulation. Microbes, larger-sized particles of fiber, and undigested foodstuffs should remain within the intestinal lumen. Poor digestion and malabsorption of vital nutrients can contribute to degenerative diseases, compromised immune status and nutritional deficiencies. Impairment of the highly specific nutrient uptake processes, or compromised GI barrier function, as in “leaky gut syndrome,” can result from a number of causes including:

• Low gastric acid production;
• Chronic maldigestion;
• Food allergen impact on bowel absorptive surfaces;
• Bacterial overgrowth or imbalances (dysbiosis);
• Pathogenic bacteria, yeast or parasites and related toxic irritants;and,
• The use of NSAIDs and antibiotics

Impairment of intestinal functions can contribute to the development of food allergies, systemic illnesses, autoimmune disease, and toxic overload from substances that are usually kept in the confines of the bowel for elimination. Efficient remediation of GI dysfunctions incorporates a comprehensive guided approach that should include consideration of elimination of pathogens and exposure to irritants, supplementation of hydrochloric acid, pancreatic enzymes and pre- and probiotics, and repair of the mucosal barrier.

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Comprehensive Stool Analysis w/Parasitology x2-Doctor’s Data Kit

Evaluates gastrointestinal function.

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Comprehensive Stool Analysis w/Parasitology x3-Doctor’s Data Kit

Evaluates gastrointestinal function.

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Comprehensive Stool Analysis-Doctor’s Data Kit

Evaluates the status of beneficial and imbalanced commensal bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, yeast/fungus.

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C-Reactive Protein, (CRP) Quantitative

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance made by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream within a few hours after the start of an infection or inflammation. CRP levels are used to diagnose and monitor autoimmune disorders. Increased CRP levels are found in inflammatory conditions including: bacterial infection, rheumatic fever, active arthritis, myocardial infarction, malignancies and in the post-operative state. This test cannot detect the relatively small elevations of CRP that are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

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Cryptosporidium EIA (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis. Both the parasite and the disease are commonly known as “Crypto.” There are many species of Cryptosporidium that infect animals, some of which also infect humans.

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CytoDx (Cytokine assay, serum)-Diagnostic Solutions Kit

Alterations in the immune system that result in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity have been linked to a wide range of health conditions and diseases. Cytokines are important mediators of many immune responses, and imbalances in cytokines have been shown to play key roles on chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.

Most cytokines can be generally characterized as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, depending on their primary effects on immune responses. Immune responses are often further characterized by the type of T helper (Th) cell involved.

Some cytokines, such as IL-6, can serve both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, depending on the specific context. Characterizing cytokines according to their role in promoting inflammation or restraining inflammation, is a very useful way of understanding their general effects.

Because cytokines are involved in many different immune functions, they are often categorized in additional ways, based on their roles in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, etc.

Cytokines play critical roles in the development and functioning of the immune system. They also mediate interactions among the immune system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, and metabolism. Cytokines are proteins that are produced by immune cells and many other cell types. They can function in autocrine, paracrine or endocrine fashion as soluble signals among many cell types, including immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, nerve cells, and many other cell types.

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Elastase, Stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

Fecal Elastase is a specific marker for pancreatic function and maintains a high diagnostic accuracy among patients with small intestinal diseases. This Elastase marker allows for the diagnosis or exclusion of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and degree of severity, which can be caused by chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic tumor, cholelithiasis or diabetes mellitus. This test does not differentiate between pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis and that due to pancreatic cancer.

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Eosinophil Protein X (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Eosinophils are involved in a broad range of diseases, including those of inflammatory and abnormal tissue origin. There is increasing evidence that eosinophils are involved in the structure of abnormal or diseased organisms in various inflammatory disorders of the gut. In healthy people, eosinophils reside in the connective tissue layer of the gut, known as the lamina propria. It is not until damage occurs to it that eosinophils travel into the gut. Eosinophils contain a number of highly cationic (a positively charged atom or group of atoms) proteins such as eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil protein X (EPX). Upon eliminating eosinophil granules, these cationic proteins are released, all of which possess potent toxic effects on certain cell properties. Accumulation of EPX in the GI tract is therefore associated with inflammation and tissue damage.

This test is used in combination with other GI tests to assess the function of the gastrointestinal system.

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Eosinophil Protein X-Genova Kit

Assists in assessing the function of the gastrointestinal system.

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Escherichia Coli EIA (E. Coli) (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes diarrhea. These tests detect the presence of disease-causing (pathogenic) Escherichia coli that produce Shiga toxins. E. coli bacteria commonly occur in nature and they are a necessary component of the digestive process in humans and most other mammals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but pathogenic E. coli can be responsible for inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). There are multiple subtypes of E. coli that cause diarrheal illness, and they are classified by the mechanisms by which they cause disease. For example, some invade the lining of the intestines, causing inflammation, while others produce toxins.

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Fatty Acids; Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

The typical Western diet contains too many carbohydrates and saturated fats, and is often imbalanced with respect to essential and nonessential fatty acid intake. Erythrocyte fatty acid analysis is used to assess levels of and balance among the essential and non-essential fatty acids required for optimal health and wellness. Essential fatty acids regulate cell membrane integrity, blood pressure and coagulation, lipid levels, immune response, tumor growth and inhibition, and the inflammatory response to injury and infection. Erythrocyte Fatty Acid analysis aids in developing the most efficacious dietary and supplemental treatment program to restore appropriate ratios among fatty acids.

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Fecal Fats (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Add-on test for CDSA 2.0. Fecal fats include triglycerides, long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), cholesterol and phospholipids. They are created mostly from the ingestion of fat, and provide important clues about digestion and absorption.

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Fecal Globin by Immunochemistry (InSure®)

The fecal occult blood test is an immunochromatographic fecal occult blood test that qualitatively detects human hemoglobin from blood in fecal samples. This is a useful screening aid for detecting primarily lower gastrointestinal (G.I.) disorders that may be related to iron deficiency anemia, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, polyps, adenomas, colorectal cancers or other G.I. lesions that can bleed. It is recommended for use by health professionals as part of routine physical examinations and in screening for colorectal cancer or other sources of lower G.I. bleeding.

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Fecal Lactoferrin (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

This test is used to detect inflammation of the intestines. Intestinal inflammation is associated with, for example, some bacterial infections and, in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is associated with disease activity and severity. The test may be ordered to distinguish between IBD and non-inflammatory disorders and to monitor IBD disease activity.

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Fecal Lactoferrin-Genova Kit

Used to detect inflammation of the intestines.

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Fecal Lactoferrin-Genova Kit

Used to detect inflammation of the intestines.

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Gastrin, Serum

Gastrin is a hormone that regulates the production of acid in the stomach. It is produced by special cells called G-cells in the stomach during the digestive process. When there is food in the stomach, gastrin is released into the blood. Small amounts of gastrin may also be produced by the pancreas and possibly the intestines.

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GI Effects® Comprehensive Profile – Stool (One Day Collection)-Genova Kit

Uses DNA analysis to go beyond the standard parameters for identifying gastrointestinal disorders. (One day collection).

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GI Effects® Comprehensive Profile – Stool (Three Day Collection)-Genova Kit

Uses DNA analysis to go beyond the standard parameters for identifying gastrointestinal disorders. (Three day collection).

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GI Effects® Microbial Ecology Profile (One Day Collection)-Genova Kit

The GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile is the most comprehensive stool test that assesses the diverse gut microbiome. Results provide immediate, actionable clinical information for the management of detectable parasites, bacteria, and yeast, as well as providing valuable assessment of gut microbiota via 24 Commensal Bacteria targets.

The GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile is part of the larger GI Effects Comprehensive Stool Profile, which also provides information about digestion, inflammation, and bacterial metabolism markers. A larger fecal biomarker panel such as the GI Effects Comprehensive Stool Profile offers the advantage of assessing multiple functional areas that may be contributing to symptoms. For example, diarrhea could stem from multiple causes including pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, inflammation, food allergies, or the presence of a pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organism.

Patients with a clinical history suggestive of a gastrointestinal infection or dysbiosis can be evaluated with the GI Effects Microbial Ecology Profile. Symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation may be a result of a microbial imbalance or infection. This profile can also be used to monitor treatment efficacy to eradicate an organism or to monitor changes to the microbiota.

Gut microbes are codependent with one another and with their human host, and the health of one affects the other. A sizeable volume of research associates a dysbiotic, or imbalanced gut microbiome with multiple disease states both within and outside of the GI tract. The microbiome’s diverse metabolic activities ultimately impact the human host, and the human hosts activities ultimately affect the microbiome’s health.

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GI Effects® Microbial Ecology Profile (Three Day Collection)-Genova Kit

Uses DNA analysis to test stool for bacteria, fungi/yeast, and parasites.

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GI MAP (GI Microbial Assay Plus)-Diagnostic Solutions Kit

The GI-MAP stool test utilizes cutting edge, Quantitative PCR technology to provide a true DNA/PCR based stool test. This technology has high sensitivity, specificity and a rapid turnaround. The GI pathogens include bacteria, parasites and viruses.

Continuing with this platform, the GI-MAP measures opportunistic organisms, normal flora, fungi, parasites and antibiotic resistance genes. And the Plus refers to immunologic markers for GI health and function including SIgA, Elastase, Calprotectin and Anti-gliadin testing.

The GI-MAP can be used in the detection and identification of gastrointestinal microbial nucleic acids and has been clinically validated for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens that cause infectious colitis or gastroenteritis. It measures a substantial list of opportunistic pathogens as well as a list of FDA-cleared pathogens, including novel targets such as viruses, Microsporidia, and pathogenic virulence factors.

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GI Pathogens Profile, Multiplex PCR-Doctor’s Data Kit

The GI Pathogen Profile, uses multiplex PCR system, tests for 14 Viruses, parasites, and bacteria, and offers new opportunities for the rapid, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of diarrheal illnesses which can improve client outcomes and clinical success.

While bacteria and parasites are the primary cause of food & water-borne diarrheal illness (48 million infections/year), the vast majority of acute diarrheal illness is caused not by bacteria or parasites, but by viral infections. In fact, Norovirus is the primary gastrointestinal infection occurring in the United States. Even though testing for pathogenic bacteria and parasite is commonly available, there has been limited availability of viral testing until recently.

Acute gastroenteritis may contribute to client morbidity and even mortality, if the illness progresses to severe dehydration. Also, the identification of reportable diseases is imperative to prevent large outbreaks, especially for highly contagious or food-borne illnesses, and many gastrointestinal illnesses have very similar clinical presentations.

Most GI Pathogen Profile results can be provided within one business day of sample receipt with 99.9% overall negative predictive value. As a result, you can begin targeted treatment immediately, for greater therapeutic efficacy and reduced risk of complications & side effects associated with incorrect treatment or unwarranted antimicrobial administration.

Rapid diagnosis allows for better treatment decisions, as antimicrobial agents have no effect on viral illness, and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics may increase bacterial resistance. Certain pathogenic bacterial and parasitic infections may require antimicrobial treatment, while other infections warrant rehydration and supportive therapies. Knowing the difference allows the treating physician to practice good antimicrobial stewardship.

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GI Pathogens Profile-Diagnostic Solutions Kit

It is estimated that there are over 200 million cases of Gastrointestinal disease each year in the United States. Acute or chronic diarrhea caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogen present in the GI tract, accounts for a significant proportion of the cases. Many of these cases often go undiagnosed or untreated.

The Pathogens Panel measures pathogenic organisms that are known to cause hospital-acquired infections (HAI) (such as C. difficile or norovirus), foodborne illnesses (such as E. coli or Salmonella), and common causes of diarrhea (such as Campylobacter, Shigella, and rotavirus A). This panel measures viral causes of gastroenteritis unavailable by other common stool tests, as well as parasites such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba histolytica.

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Giardia lamblia EIA (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

The leading cause of intestinal parasitic infection in the United States. Giardia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Giardia (also known as Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia, or Giardia duodenalis) is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals.

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Giardia, lamblia

Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia intestinalis, also known as Giardia lamblia. It is the most common cause of parasitic gastrointestinal disease; it is estimated that 20,000 cases of giardiasis occur each year in the U.S., and there is 20% to 30% prevalence in the world’s population.

Giardia lamblia exists in two forms, an active form called a trophozoite, and an inactive form called a cyst. The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a “sucker” and is responsible for causing the signs and symptoms of giardiasis. The trophozoite cannot live long outside of the body, therefore it cannot spread the infection to others. The inactive cyst, on the other hand, can exist for prolonged periods outside the body. When it is ingested, stomach acid activates the cyst, and the cyst develops into the disease-causing trophozoite. It takes ingestion of only ten cysts to cause infection. Trophozoites are important not only because they cause the symptoms of giardiasis, but also because they produce the cysts that exit the body in the feces and spread the infection to others.

Cysts of Giardia are present in the feces of infected persons. Thus, the infection is spread from person to person by contamination of food with feces, or by direct fecal-oral contamination. Cysts also survive in water, for example in fresh water lakes and streams. As a result, giardiasis is the most common cause of water-borne, parasitic illness in the U.S. Domestic mammals (for example, dogs, cats, calves) and wild mammals (for example, beavers) can become infected with Giardia; however, it is not clear how often domestic or wild mammals transmit giardiasis to humans. Giardiasis also has occurred as outbreaks from recreational water sources such as swimming pools, water parks, and hot tubs, most likely because of an infected user rather than a source of water that was contaminated.

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Gliadin Antibody Profile (IgG, IgA)

Gliadin is a class of proteins found in the gluten of wheat, rye, barley, and oats. This test is used to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of certain gluten-sensitive enteropathies(diseases of the intestinal tract), such as celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.

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Glutathione, Erythrocytes-Doctor’s Data Kit

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant and important intracellular antioxidant. GSH in erythrocytes is an indicator of intracellular GSH status, the overall health of cells and of the ability to endure toxic challenges. It is involved in many biological processes including detoxification of xenobiotics, removal of oxygen-reactive species, regulation of the redox state of cells and the oxidative state of important protein sulfhydryl groups, and regulation of immune function.

Low levels of GSH have been reported in cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, autism, alcoholism, and debilitating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It has also been associated with chronic retention of many potential toxic elements, chemicals and some drugs.

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Gut Immunology-Genova Kit

The Gut Immunology test measures two key biomarkers for gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and immunology, providing information about the GI tract’s interactions with, and responses to, the outside world. They indicate how well the GI tract is maintaining its role as a barrier, as well as whether the GI tract is undergoing negative responses to external or internal challenges. Interactions between the immune system and the GI tract are being recognized as of growing importance, not only in GI function and health, but also in their influences on overall health.

Evaluation of the complementary biomarkers, eosinophil protein X (EPX) and calprotectin, offers clinicians key information regarding the immune responses in the gut, and can also be used to monitor client response to therapies.

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H. Pylori Antigen, Stool (Add-On Only)-Doctor’s Data

This microorganism, which can be found on the stomach mucosa of infected people, causes very frequent and mostly silent infections that can produce gastritis, gastric ulcers and other serious pathologies. H. Pylori is known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and is very common, especially in developing countries. The strong correlation between the presence of H. pylori and histologically confirmed gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma, as well as disease resolution after H. pylori eradication, indicates a causative relationship.

The ecological niche in humans appears to be restricted to the stomach and duodenum. Patients who harbor the organism are divided into two basic groups: a) colonized and b) infected. Patients who test positive for H. pylori yet have no signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal disease are considered “colonized.” Patients who test positive for H. pylori and present with signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal disease are considered “infected.” The process by which a colonized individual becomes infected remains unclear. The process by which patients become colonized is also still under investigation.

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H. Pylori Antigen, Stool-Doctor’s Data Kit

Aids in detecting H. pylori infections as well as monitoring therapeutic efficacy during and after treatment.

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H. Pylori Profile-Diagnostic Solutions Kit

H. pylori is a common type of bacteria that grows in the digestive tract and has a tendency to attack the stomach lining. It infects the stomachs of roughly 60 percent of the world’s adult population and is usually harmless. H. pylori can change the environment around them and reduce its acidity so they can survive. The spiral shape of H. pylori allows them to penetrate your stomach lining, where they’re protected by mucus and your body’s immune cells are not able to reach them. The bacteria can interfere with your immune response and ensure that they’re not destroyed which can lead to problems like ulcers in the stomach and small intestine.

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H. Pylori Stool (Add-On Only)-Genova Kit

Stool antigen tests have been recommended by both the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American College of Gastroenterologists (ACG) as the most accurate non-invasive tests for diagnosis and for confirmation of eradication. This method is highly sensitive and specific and useful for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and test of eradication.

Unlike stool antigen tests, Serology-based methods have a sensitivity and specificity of only 90% and cannot distinguish between active and resolved infection. Thus, serology tests are not recommended by the AGA for initial diagnosis of H pylori infection. Furthermore, they are not recommended by either the AGA or the ACG for monitoring infection or confirming eradication of the organism.

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H. Pylori Stool (Add-On To GI Effects Only)-Genova Kit

Add-on to GI Effects tests Only.

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H. pylori Stool Antigen HpSA-Genova Kit

Evaluation of H. pylori antigens shed directly in the stool.

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H. Pylori Urea Breath Test

H. Pylori is known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and is very common, especially in developing countries. It decreases the stomach’s ability to produce mucus, making it prone to acid damage and peptic ulcers. H. pylori is also associated with the development of gastric (stomach) cancer.

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Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)-Immuno Labs Kit

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a curved bacillus (bacteria) which settles in the upper gastrointestinal tract and has been shown to be the main cause for most cases of chronic gastritis, duodenitis (inflammation of the first part of the small intestine), and ulcers. H. pylori is also linked with gastric carcinoma. IgG antibodies responsive to H. pylori are measured in the client’s serum sample.

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Intestinal Permeability (Leaky Gut)-Doctor’s Data Kit

This test measures the ability of two sugar molecules, lactulose and mannitol, to permeate (spread throughout) the intestinal epithelial barrier. Ordinarily, mannitol is efficiently absorbed but lactulose, a larger molecule, is not. This test can help to identify malabsorption and “leaky gut” syndrome (abnormal intestinal permeability), which is often associated with inflammation specifically in the gastrointestinal tract. This test requires a baseline urine collection followed by a six-hour timed urine collection after ingesting a lactulose and mannitol solution.

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Intestinal Permeability (Leaky Gut)-Genova Kit

The Intestinal Permeability Assessment is an effective and non-invasive assessment of small intestinal absorption and barrier function in the bowel. This test analyzes urine for the clearance of two non-metabolized sugars, lactulose and mannitol, identifying intestinal permeability (“leaky gut”) and poor absorption. Both poor absorption and increased leaky gut are associated with chronic gastrointestinal imbalances, as well as many general disorders.

The Intestinal Permeability Assessment gastrointestinal test directly measures the ability of two non-metabolized sugar molecules to permeate the intestinal mucosa. The client drinks a premeasured amount of lactulose and mannitol. The degree of intestinal permeability or malabsorption is reflected in the levels of the two sugars recovered in a urine sample collected over the next 6 hours.

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Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by fat cells that regulate the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Adiponectin influences the body’s response to insulin. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory effects on the cells lining the walls of blood vessels.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), 24 Hour Urine (Without Creatinine)

An early indicator of kidney failure. It measures the tiny amounts of albumin that the body begins to release into the urine several years before significant kidney damage becomes apparent. Albumin is a protein that is produced in the liver. It is present in high concentrations in the blood, but when the kidneys are functioning properly, virtually no albumin is allowed to leak through into the urine. If a person’s kidneys become damaged or diseased, however, they begin to lose their ability to filter proteins out of the urine. This is frequently seen in chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, with increasing amounts of protein in the urine reflecting increasing kidney failure.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), Random Urine (Without Creatinine)

To screen for possible kidney disease/damage.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), Random Urine With Creatinine

The body excretes creatinine at a steady rate, so comparing the ratio of albumin with creatinine in the same urine specimen helps determine if the body is excreting albumin at an increased rate. In most healthy people, the kidneys prevent albumin and other proteins from entering the urine. However, if kidneys are damaged they start to allow albumin to pass from the blood into the urine.

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Albumin, Serum

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is one of the most abundant proteins in your blood. You need a proper balance of albumin to keep fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. It also carries vital nutrients and hormones, and provides your body with the proteins it needs to maintain growth and repair tissue. Abnormal albumin levels may indicate that your kidneys or liver isn’t working correctly and also determine the status of certain medical conditions, including chronic pancreatitis or kidney disease. There may be a loss of albumin in the gastrointestinal tract, in the urine secondary to renal damage or direct loss of albumin through the skin. More than 50% of patients with gluten enteropathy have depressed albumin. The only cause of increased albumin is dehydration; there is no naturally occurring hyperalbuminemia.

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Amino Acid Analysis, LC/MS, Plasma

Amino acids serve many functions including as building blocks for proteins, neurotransmitters, precursors to hormones, and enzyme co-factors. More than 70 disorders of amino acid metabolism have been described. The clinical manifestations of these disorders are diverse.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Plasma-Genova Kit

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma measures levels of key amino acids in blood. Amino acid metabolism may be compromised by common lifestyle and dietary factors, which may result in inadequate levels of amino acids. Plasma amino acid analysis is favored in conditions where the supply of amino acids and precursors is critical, such as in mood and neurobehavioral disorders.

The complete Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma analyzes over 40 analytes and includes:

• Plasma Amino Acid Analysis
• Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids
• Nonessential Protein Amino Acids
• Intermediary Metabolites
• Dietary Peptide Related Markers

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma report configuration provides for easy interpretation and clinically actionable results and includes:

A handy Suggested Supplement Schedule allowing for personalized recommendations based on test results, an Interpretation-At-A-Glance page that provides facts on nutrient function, causes and complications of their deficiencies, as well as dietary sources.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Urine FMV-Genova Kit

The Amino Acids Analysis nutritional test helps to identify metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. Specifically, this nutritional test evaluates dietary protein adequacy and assimilation, as well as metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. With the precise results and comprehensive commentary provided, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic impairments, and amino acid transport disorders can be accurately identified and corrected.

Amino acids comprise the building blocks of all of the body’s structural tissues and hormones. All of these compounds utilize, or derive from, the essential amino acids provided by the diet. Determination of the adequacy of amino acids, proper balance between them, and conversion capability are of paramount importance in preventing illness and getting to the root of many chronic disorders.

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Amino Acids, 20 plasma-Genova Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function.

Collecting a fasting plasma specimen from a client removes recent dietary intake effects. The following factors can reflect changes over time in plasma: Chronic dietary intake, Digestive efficiency, Liver uptake, and Skeletal muscle’s ability to maintain formation of amino acids.

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Amylase, Serum

Amylase helps in the digestion of starches. The major sources of amylase are the pancreas and the salivary glands. The most common cause of elevation of serum amylase is inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). In acute pancreatitis, serum amylase begins to rise within 6-24 hours, remains elevated for a few days and returns to normal in 3-7 days. Other causes of elevated serum amylase are inflammation of salivary glands (mumps), biliary tract disease and bowel obstruction. Elevated serum amylase can also be seen with drugs (e.g., morphine) which constrict the pancreatic duct sphincter preventing excretion of amylase into the intestine.

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Cardio IQ® Insulin Resistance Panel w/score

The determination of insulin in serum is primarily used for the diagnosis of glycemic disorders in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients in the assessment of insulin resistant syndromes. Insulin is synthesized by the pancreatic beta cell as a precursor, proinsulin. Proinsulin is processed to insulin and C-peptide, a contiguous peptide between the insulin A and B chains, as it passes through the cell. The C-peptide in the proinsulin ensures correct folding and processing of proinsulin as it passes through the cell. Both insulin and C-peptide are released together from the beta cells in response to increased glucose levels. Because of differences in half-life and hepatic clearance, peripheral blood levels of C-peptide and insulin are no longer equimolar but remain highly correlated. A steady-state plasma glucose test in individuals undergoing an insulin suppression test to assess insulin resistance found that the combination of insulin and C-peptide was a better indicator of insulin resistance than either one individually.

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Cardio IQ® Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, LC/MS/MS

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Measurement of serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations provide a good index of circulating vitamin D activity in patients not suffering from renal disease. Lower than normal 25-OH vitamin D levels can result from a dietary deficiency, poor absorption of the vitamin or impaired metabolism of the sterol in the liver. A 25-OH vitamin D deficiency can lead to bone diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia. Above normal levels can lead to hypercalcemia.

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CardioPlus + Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) with eAG

CardioPlus and Hemoglobin A1c.

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Chloride, Random Urine without Creatinine

Urine chloride excretion approximates the dietary intake. The chloride content of most foods parallel that of sodium. An increase in urine chloride may result from water deficient dehydration, diabetic acidosis, Addison’s disease, and salt-losing renal disease. Decreased urine levels are seen in congestive heart failure, severe diaphoresis and in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis due to prolonged vomiting.

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Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP-14)

A broad screening test used to evaluate organ function and electrolyte balance as well as aid in the diagnosis of conditions such as diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. This test is also useful for people receiving treatment for conditions which affect the liver or kidneys.

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Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP) + Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) with eAG

CWP and Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c).

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Copeptin

The Copeptin test is used in the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus and in the differential diagnosis of central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It is a reliable surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin (AVP).

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C-Peptide, Serum

C-Peptide can be used to monitor insulin production in the body, blood sugar disorders, and the activity of tumors that secrete insulin. It can also help determine if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Type 1 = your body doesn’t make insulin. Type 2 = either your body doesn’t make enough insulin or your cells ignore it). If you have diabetes, the C-peptide test can show how well your treatment is working.

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Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine.

The creatinine clearance test compares the creatinine level in a 24-hour urine sample with the creatinine level in your blood. This measures kidney function and helps estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the amount of blood cleaned by tiny kidney filters called glomeruli each minute.

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Creatinine, Serum

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine. This test is used to determine if your kidneys are functioning normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease. High levels could be caused by kidney disease, a blockage in your urinary system, muscle disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, dehydration, overactive thyroid gland, or shock. Low levels could be caused by muscle loss, severe liver disease, or not enough protein in your diet.

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Cystatin C with Glomerular Filtration Rate, Estimated (eGFR)

Your body makes cystatin C constantly, and the protein is found in different fluids, including blood, spinal fluid, and breast milk. When your kidneys are healthy, they filter cystatin C out of the blood so it can be excreted in your urine.

Cystatin C may be used as an alternative to creatinine and creatinine clearance to screen for and monitor kidney dysfunction in those with known or suspected kidney disease. It may be especially useful in those cases where creatinine measurement is not appropriate, for instance, in those who have liver cirrhosis, are very obese, are malnourished, or have reduced muscle mass. Higher levels of cystatin C may also be caused by diabetes, cancer, HIV, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.

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Diabetes Package

CMP and Hemoglobin A1c.

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Fructosamine

Reflects average glucose levels over a 2 to 3 week time period.
If someone’s fructosamine is increased, then their average glucose over the previous 2 to 3 weeks has been elevated. In general, the higher the fructosamine concentration, the higher the average blood glucose level. High levels of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and hyperthyroidism can interfere with test results.

Both fructosamine and A1C tests are used primarily as monitoring tools to help people with diabetes control their blood sugar. However, the A1C test is much more popular and much more widely accepted because there are firm data that a chronically elevated A1c level predicts an increased risk for certain diabetic complications, such as retinopathy (possibly leading to blindness), nephropathy (possibly leading to kidney failure), and neuropathy (e.g., problems with the nerves). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recognizes both tests and states that fructosamine may be useful in situations where A1C cannot be reliably measured.

Instances where fructosamine may be a better monitoring choice than A1C include:

Rapid changes in diabetes treatment – Fructosamine allows the effectiveness of diet or medication adjustments to be evaluated after a few weeks rather than months.

Diabetic pregnancy – In diabetic women who are pregnant, good glycemic control is essential during pregnancy, and the needs of the mother frequently change during gestation; fructosamine measurements may be ordered along with glucose levels to help monitor and accommodate shifting glucose, insulin, or other medication requirements.

Shortened RBC life span – An A1C test will not be accurate when a person has a condition that affects the average life span of red blood cells (RBCs), such as hemolytic anemia or blood loss. If the RBCs don’t live as long as normal in the circulation, the A1c result will be falsely lowered and will be an unreliable measurement of a person’s average glucose.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin – The presence of some hemoglobin variants (such as sickle hemoglobin) may affect certain methods for measuring A1c. In these cases, fructosamine can be used to monitor glucose control.

Since the fructosamine concentrations of people with well-controlled diabetes may overlap with those of people who are not diabetic, the fructosamine test is not useful as a screening test for diabetes.

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GAD65, IA-2, and Insulin Autoantibody

Diabetes Antibody Panel.

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Glucagon

Glucagon helps your liver break down the food you eat to make glucose. Glucagon works with your liver to turn a type of stored sugar called glycogen into glucose. Glucose goes from your liver into your blood to give you energy. Glucagon can tell your liver not to take in too much glucose from the food you eat and to release stored sugar into your blood instead. This can keep your glucose levels steady.
If your blood sugar dips too low, your pancreas releases glucagon to tell your liver to make more glucose.

Glucagon measurement is useful primarily when considering a glucagon-secreting tumor of the pancreas. Glucagon is also used to diagnose glucagon deficiency in patients with hypoglycemia.

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Glucose, Plasma

Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. This test may be used to screen for both high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), help diagnose diabetes, and to monitor glucose levels in persons with diabetes. Serum glucose has been found to be 2-5% higher than plasma glucose.

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Glucose, Serum

To measure the amount of glucose in the blood at the time of sample collection.

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Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65)Antibody

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) is an enzyme that is produced primarily by pancreatic islet cells. This is one of the most commonly detected autoantibodies in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics (about 70-80%). Generally used to confirm type 1 diabetes and ruling out type 2 diabetes.

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Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

GGT is an enzyme found in many organs such as the kidney, spleen, and pancreas. However, the main source of GGT is the liver. GGT is used to help detect liver disease and bile duct obstructions. Elevated GGT levels may be caused by liver disease, congestive heart failure, alcohol consumption and/or other conditions. While increased levels may indicate that the liver is being damaged, it does not specifically point to what may be causing the injury.

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Glycohemoglobin (GHb), Total

A useful test to reassure the client who is well controlled, and to assess the status of insufficiently controlled patients. Measurement of glycated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography permits better differentiation of the degree of blood glucose control among diabetics than does hemoglobin A1c or hemoglobin A1 measurements.

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GlycoMark®

FDA-approved blood test for monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutics targeting postprandial glucose (PPG). GlycoMark® monitors mealtime spikes over 2 day to 2 weeks and provides a more rapid and sensitive response to hyperglycemia than A1c.

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Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) With eAG

This non-fasting test, also known as A1c, HbA1c, or Glycated hemoglobin, indicates how well you have controlled your diabetes over the last few months. Even though you may have some very high or very low blood glucose values, Hemoglobin A1C will give you a picture of the average amount of glucose in your blood over that time period. While the Hemoglobin A1C is the standard tool to determine blood sugar control for patients with diabetes, it is not a substitute for daily, routine blood glucose testing.

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Hemoglobin A1c-Ayumetrix Kit

Hemoglobin A1C is a form of hemoglobin (a blood pigment that carries oxygen) that is bound to glucose. Blood HbA1c levels are reflective of how well diabetes is controlled. The normal range for level for hemoglobin A1c is less than 6%. HbA1c levels are reflective of blood glucose levels over the past six to eight weeks and do not reflect daily ups and downs of blood glucose. High HbA1c levels indicate poorer control of diabetes than levels in the normal range.

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Insulin

Insulin is the hormone that enables cells to take in glucose. Without insulin, glucose can’t get into the cells and it stays in the bloodstream. With too little insulin, blood sugar remains higher than normal (a condition known as hyperglycemia) and cells can’t get the energy they need. With too much insulin, blood sugar decreases (hypoglycemia), causing symptoms such as sweating, trembling, lightheadedness, and in extreme cases, shock.

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Kidney Profile, Extended

CMP, CBC, Lipid Panel, PTH Intact and Urinalysis.

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Lactate/Pyruvate

The blood lactate to pyruvate (L:P) ratio is used to distinguish between pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency and other causes of congenital lactic acidosis. Congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) is a rare disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that affect the ability of cells to use energy and cause too much lactic acid to build up in the body, a condition called lactic acidosis.

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Lipid Profile + Glucose, Serum

Lipid Profile and Glucose.

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Magnesium, RBC

Magnesium is a mineral that is important for strong bones & muscles, heart health, energy production, and nerve function. Magnesium levels are typically checked to evaluate kidney function, aid in the diagnosis of certain gastrointestinal disorders, or determine the severity of uncontrolled diabetes. Magnesium deficiency can be associated with malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and alcoholism.

A Magnesium RBC test can provide an earlier indicator of Magnesium deficiency than a standard Magnesium blood test. When levels are low, the body will pull Magnesium from the cells to keep blood levels normal. In this case a Magnesium blood test may show normal levels while a Magnesium RBC test will give a more accurate result.

This test is typically ordered when someone is experiencing symptoms associated with Magnesium deficiency such as weakness or cramping in the muscles, confusion, seizures, or cardiac arrhythmia’s. Magnesium levels are typically checked when someone has a disorder which affects the kidneys. It may also be ordered to monitor people who are taking Magnesium supplements.

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Magnesium, Serum

This mineral is particularly important to nerves and muscles. Low magnesium is found in malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, and more. High magnesium is seen in kidney failure.

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Protein, Total, 24-Hour Urine without Creatinine

Helps evaluate and monitor kidney function, and to detect kidney damage.

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Protein, Total, Random Urine with Creatinine

Used to help detect and diagnose early kidney damage and disease.

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Protein, Total, Serum

Proteins are important building blocks of all cells and tissues; they are important for body growth, development, and health. They form the structural part of most organs and make up enzymes and hormones that regulate body functions. Total protein measurements can reflect nutritional status and may be used to screen for and help diagnose kidney disease, liver disease, and many other conditions.

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QuestAssureD™ 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (D2, D3)-March Test Of The Month

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Renal Function Panel (Kidney)

Routine blood tests are especially important for early detection of kidney disorders. They detect blood or protein and abnormal chemical levels in the blood, which are early signs of kidney disorder and failure.

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Sodium, 24-Hour Urine Without Creatinine

One of the major salts in the body fluid, sodium is important in the body’s water balance and the electrical activity of nerves and muscles.

The excretion of sodium varies with dietary intake. There is a diurnal variation of sodium excretion with excretion being greater during daytime than during the night. Decreased levels are seen in congestive heart failure, excessive sweating, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, malabsorption and primary aldosteronism. Increased levels may be due to increased salt intake, failure of the adrenal glands, diabetic acidosis, salt losing renal disease, diuretic therapy and water deprivation dehydration.

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Sodium, Random Urine without Creatinine

The excretion of sodium varies with dietary intake. There is a diurnal variation of sodium excretion with excretion being greater during daytime than during the night. Decreased levels are seen in congestive heart failure, excessive sweating, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, malabsorption and primary aldosteronism. Increased levels may be due to increased salt intake, failure of the adrenal glands, diabetic acidosis, salt losing renal disease and water deficient dehydration.

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Telomere Length Test (Add-On Only)-Cell Science Systems Kit

According to scientific research, telomere shortening may contribute to aging and age-related conditions. Telomeres are segments of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes. They can be prematurely shortened when exposed to environmental chemicals, oxidation, inflammation, and stress. This leads to DNA damage and contributes to early cell death.

Shorter telomeres have been associated with cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cognitive decline, and other chronic degenerative conditions associated with aging.

Inflammation is associated with aging and telomere shortening. Telomeres become shorter after each cell division until eventually chromosomal DNA reaches a critical point at which the cell can no longer divide (known as the Hayflick limit). The loss of this protective telomere “armor” renders DNA vulnerable to damage and may result in an individual’s increased risk for accelerated aging and associated health conditions. If telomeres are maintained, then termination of cell division (senescence) and programmed cell death (apoptosis) can be delayed.

The test analyzes your average telomere length in white blood cells compared to the normal reference range for your age-matched population.

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Telomere Length Test-Cell Science Systems Kit

Analyzes your average telomere length in white blood cells.

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Urea Nitrogen, Serum (BUN)

Used to monitor kidney function in patients with chronic diseases or conditions such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction (heart attack). It is also used to monitor the effectiveness of dialysis.

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Urinalysis, Complete with Microscopic Examination

This panel is useful in the evaluation of conditions such as urinary tract infection, dehydration, and kidney stones. Dipstick urinalysis is important in accessing the chemical constituents in the urine and the relationship to various disease states. Microscopic examination helps to detect the presence of cells and other formed elements.

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Urine Amino Acids-Doctor’s Data Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function. Healthy kidneys efficiently conserve crucial amino acids. Many individuals have “hidden” impairments in amino acid metabolism that are problematic and often go undiagnosed.

Amino acid analysis provides fundamental information about nutrient adequacy, including the quality and quantity of dietary protein, digestive disorders, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies—particularly folic acid, B12, B6 metabolism, zinc and magnesium. In addition, amino acid analysis provides important information about hepatic and renal function, availability of precursors of neurotransmitters, detoxification capacity, susceptibility to occlusive arterial disease (homocysteine), and many inherent disorders in amino acid metabolism.

The urine amino acid analysis has the highest probability of detecting abnormalities if kidney function is normal. The 24-hour test indicates what is high and low over the course of a day, reflects blood and tissue amino acid pools, and is not affected by the 24-hour rhythm. Therefore, urine levels of amino acids decrease first and tend to give an earlier indication of inadequacy than do plasma levels.

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Viscosity, Serum

High serum viscosity may be most commonly observed in patients with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma. Patients with high viscosity may have capillary occlusion, stasis hypoxia, and acidosis.

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Vitamin D (25 OH D2 & D3) Bloodspot-Doctor’s Data Kit

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, known for its role in bone health and calcium absorption, also appears to affect immune function, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular issues, and other conditions. Vitamin D occurs in two forms—D3 is obtained from animal diet sources and through sun exposure, and D2 is obtained through vegetable diet sources. Both forms of the vitamin are used to fortify various foods and in supplements. Doctor’s Data uses the gold standard LC/MS QQQ method to measure Vitamin D2, D3 and total Vitamin D.

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Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy, LC/MS/MS (Calcitriol)

1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol) is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone. Levels may be high in primary hyperparathyroidism and may be decreased in hypoparathyroidism and chronic renal failure.

This test measures the bioactive form of vitamin D. It is used in the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and to monitor patients with renal osteodystrophy or chronic renal failure. This test is not suitable for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and monitoring supplementation in most patients. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D test is the recommended test for those purposes.

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Vitamin D, 25 Hydroxy

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Vitamin D-Ayumetrix Kit

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin critical to calcium absorption which helps in bone growth, density, and strength. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become brittle or misshapen. Varying levels of vitamin D in the blood are associated with common variants in the following genes: (1) GC (transports vitamin D to organs), (2) NADSYN1/DHCR7 (needed for bioavailability of the vitamin D precursor molecule), and (3) CYP2R1 (helps convert inactive vitamin D to it’s active form). Maintaining adequate levels of Vitamin D has been shown to benefit patients in the maintenance of bone health for osteoporosis treatment, and in the prevention of fractures.

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Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibody

ZnT8 antibody is the most recently discovered diabetes-related major autoantibody. ZnT8As are detectable in a proportion of patients with adult-onset autoimmune diabetes and seem to be a valuable marker to differentiate clinical phenotypes.

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10 Most Important Tests + Cardio IQ® Advanced Lipid Panel

The Cardio IQ Advanced Lipid Panel directly measures your standard lipid panel in addition to your lipoprotein subfractions. LDL exists as small, dense molecules and large, buoyant ones and evidence suggests that more small particles greatly increase the risk of heart disease. This test also measures your Apolipoprotein B and Lipoprotein(a).

Tests included in 10 Most Important Tests:

Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP) is the #1 ordered test – year after year! Over 50 individual laboratory tests screen for cardiovascular risk, major organ function, anemia, diabetes, infection, blood disease and other indications of illness. This panel is routinely ordered as a part of an annual exam. It includes:

Complete Blood Count(CBC’s): It is a blood test that checks hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets. Used as a broad screening test to check for such disorders as anemia, infection, and many other diseases. Changing levels of red or white blood cells can indicate disease or infection and are very helpful in a health screening.

Fluids and Electrolytes: Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine and body fluids. Maintaining the right balance of electrolytes helps your body’s blood chemistry, muscle action and other processes. Sodium, potassium, chlorine, and carbon dioxide are all electrolytes. You get them from the foods you eat and the fluids you drink.
Levels of electrolytes in your body can become too low or too high. That can happen when the amount of water in your body changes, causing dehydration or overhydration. Causes include some medicines, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating or kidney problems. Problems most often occur with levels of sodium, potassium or calcium. It includes: Chloride, Potassium, Sodium and Carbon Dioxide.

TSH: The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates the production of thyroid hormones. The TSH helps identify an underactive or overactive thyroid state.

Liver: The liver panel includes several blood tests measuring specific proteins and liver enzymes in the blood. This combination of blood tests is designed to give you a complete picture of the state of your liver and help detect liver disease and measure potential liver damage. Some of the blood tests are associated with the integrity of the liver cells (i.e. ALT), some with liver function (i.e. albumin) and some with disease linked to the biliary system (i.e. alkaline phosphatase). Includes: Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase, Alanine Transaminase (ALT or SGPT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST or SGOT), Total Bilirubin, Total Protein, LDH, Total Globulin, Albumin/Globulin Ration and GGT.

Kidney: This basic metabolic panel is a group of blood tests that provides information about your body’s metabolism. This test is done to evaluate kidney function, blood acid/base balance, blood sugar levels. It includes Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, BUN/Creatinine Ratio, eGFR, and Uric Acid.

Glucose Changes in blood glucose are a good indicator of metabolic function and can help detect diseases like diabetes mellitus. Since diabetes is the most common cause of kidney disease in adults, it is important to monitor for this disorder when evaluating kidney function.

Mineral and Bone: In addition to its mechanical functions, the bone is a reservoir for minerals (a “metabolic” function). The bone stores 99% of the body’s calcium and 85% of the phosphorus. It is very important to keep the blood level of calcium within a narrow range. If blood calcium gets too high or too low, the muscles and nerves will not function. In times of need, for example, during pregnancy, calcium can be removed from the bones. It includes: Total Iron, Calcium, and Phosphorus.

Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy:
Also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Ferritin:
Composed of iron and protein, Ferritin is a storehouse for iron in the body. Measurement provides an accurate picture of how much iron you have available in reserve. Low Ferritin is a sign of iron deficiency. Ferritin is high with inflammation, infection, liver disease, iron overload, certain amends and certain cancers (leukemia and lymphoma).

C-Reactive Protein, Cardiac (CRP,hs):
A critical component of the immune system and can be predictive of future risk of heart attack, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and the development of peripheral arterial disease. Individuals with elevated levels of CRP have a risk about 2 to 3 times higher than the risk of those with low levels.

Testosterone, Total & Free:
Testosterone is a hormone that causes male characteristics. The blood level is used by men to investigate abnormal sexual development and sexual dysfunction. Small amounts are produced in women’s ovaries and levels are tested to evaluate virilization.

DHEA,s:
DHEA-S is the child hormone of DHEA and serves as a building block for making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. DHEA-s concentrations peak after puberty and then the levels tend to decline with age. Adrenal tumors, cancers, and adrenal hyperplasia can lead to the overproduction of DHEA-s. The rate of secretion of DHEA-S into the blood stream is only slightly more than the rate observed for DHEA.

Estradiol (E2):
Estradiol, also known as E2, is the most active of the estrogens. For women, it is important to look at the relationship between estradiol and progesterone in evaluating menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, mood disorders, and aging skin. In men, high levels of estradiol are associated with abdominal fat, enlargement of the prostate and cardiovascular risk. In both men and women, low levels of estradiol are associated with osteoporosis.

Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c):
This non-fasting test, also known as A1c, HbA1c, Glycohemoglobin, or Glycated hemoglobin, indicates how well you have controlled your diabetes over the last few months. Even though you may have some very high or very low blood glucose values, Hemoglobin A1C will give you a picture of the average amount of glucose in your blood over that time period. While the Hemoglobin A1C is the standard tool to determine blood sugar control for patients with diabetes, it is not a substitute for daily, routine blood glucose testing.

Progesterone:
Progesterone balances and offsets the powerful effects of estrogen. An imbalance between progesterone and estrogen can cause weight gain, insomnia, anxiety, depression, migraines, and even more debilitating conditions such as cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and osteoporosis in women. In men, the imbalance can cause weight gain, loss of libido and prostate enlargement.

Homocysteine:
Homocysteine is an amino acid that plays a role in destroying the lining of your artery walls, promoting the formation of blood clots, and also accelerates the buildup of scar tissue. High levels may increase the chance of heart disease and stroke, especially if you have other risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, or family history.

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Cardio IQ® Advanced Lipid Panel

This panel directly measures your standard lipid panel in addition to your lipoprotein subfractions. LDL exists as small, dense molecules and large, buoyant ones and evidence suggests that more small particles greatly increase the risk of heart disease. This test also measures your Apolipoprotein B and Lipoprotein(a). This is a good test for people who are already on cholesterol lowering medications.

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Cardio IQ® Advanced Lipid Panel and Inflammation Panel

This panel directly measures your standard lipid panel in addition to Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility; Apolipoprotein B; Lipoprotein (a); hs-CRP; Lp-PLA2 Activity. This is a good test for people who are already on cholesterol lowering medications and for assessing CVD risk.

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Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP)

The CWP is the #1 ordered test – year after year! Over 50 individual laboratory tests screen for cardiovascular risk, major organ function, anemia, diabetes, infection, blood disease and other indications of illness.

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Comprehensive Drinking Water Analysis

Environmental toxins have permeated all aspects of our lives – the air we breathe, the food we eat, the products we use in our daily lives and the water we drink and usein cooking and bathing.

Testing for exposures can be assessed through the Doctor’s Data Toxic Elements Profiles and Great Plains Laboratory EnviroTox Test. The next step is looking for where those exposures are coming from.

The Comprehensive Drinking Water Analysis from Doctor’s Data is a simple way to test the water that comes into our homes. This test screens for primary and secondary metals, fluoride and pH and compares them to ranges that are acceptable by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Primary Drinking Water Standards have been established by the EPA for those metals that have known or suspected health effects. Water that contains primary metals in concentrations above the EPA’s maximum contaminant limit poses a potentially serious health threat.

Secondary Drinking Water Standards are unenforceable federal guidelines regarding taste, odor, color and certain other non-aesthetic effects of drinking water. Individual states may adopt their own drinking water regulations for these metals.

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C-Reactive Protein, (CRP,hs) (Cardio CRP)

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to tissue injury, infection, and inflammation. CRP, hs is a critical component of the immune system and can be predictive of future risk of heart attack, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and the development of peripheral arterial disease. CRP levels rise as much as 1,000-fold after an acute event, and these high levels can be used to diagnose and monitor acute inflammatory states. Levels within the normal, non-acute-phase range (=10 mg/L) can help assess cardiovascular risk. The high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) test is used for this purpose because it can accurately determine CRP levels in the low range of 1-10 mg/L.

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Enviro-Tox (Great Plains Lab)

Every day, we are exposed to hundreds of toxic chemicals through products like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, packaged foods, household products, and environmental pollution. As we have become more exposed to chemical-laden products and to toxic chemicals in food, air, and water, we have been confronted with an accelerating rate of chronic illnesses like cancer, heart disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, chemical sensitivity, autism spectrum disorders, ADD/AD(H)D, autoimmune disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Because exposure to environmental pollutants has been linked to many chronic diseases, The Great Plains Laboratory has created GPL-TOX, a toxic non-metal chemical profile that screens for the presence of 172 different toxic chemicals including organophosphate pesticides, phthalates, benzene, xylene, vinyl chloride, pyrethroid insecticides, acrylamide, perchlorate, diphenyl phosphate, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, and more. This profile also includes Tiglylglycine (TG), a marker for mitochondrial disorders resulting from mutations of mitochondrial DNA. These mutations can be caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, infections, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies.

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Fecal Metals

Fecal Metals–Fecal elemental analysis provides a direct indication of dietary exposure to toxic metals and indirect information about the potential for toxic metal burden. Chronic, low-level assimilation of toxic metals can result in accumulation in the body. For many toxic metals, fecal (biliary) excretion is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. Specimen collection is convenient for the client and only requires a single-step procedure. Elements are measured by ICP-MS and expressed on a dry weight basis to eliminate variability related to water content of the specimen.

Analysis of elements in feces provides a comprehensive evaluation of environmental exposure, potential for accumulation in the body (Hg), and possibly endogenous detoxification of potentially toxic metals. For many toxic elements such as mercury, cadmium, lead, antimony and uranium, biliary excretion into the feces is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. The primary process by which the body eliminates the insidious sulfhydryl reactive metals is through the formation of metal-glutathione complexes, of which greater than 90% are excreted into the bile. Evidence for the extent of exposure to mercury from dental amalgams is provided by the fact that fecal mercury levels are highly correlated with the number of amalgams in the mouth. It also clear that fecal mercury levels for people with dental amalgams are remarkably similar from day to day, and approximately ten times higher than in people who do not have mercury amalgams.

The fecal metals test was not developed to replace the pre- and post-urinary toxic metals provocation test, but rather provides an alternative for infants, children or adults for whom urine collection is problematic, or for individuals who do not tolerate the available pharmaceutical metal detoxification agents. Elements are measured by ICP-MS and expressed on a dry weight basis to eliminate variability related to water content of the specimen.

This test is useful for
-Dietary Exposure to Toxic Elements
-Mercury Exposure from Dental Amalgams

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Glyphosate Test

Glyphosate is the world’s most widely produced herbicide, used in more than 700 different products from agriculture and forestry to home use. Glyphosate was introduced in the 1970s to kill weeds by targeting the enzymes that produce the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. Usage of glyphosate has since amplified, after the introduction of genetically modified (GMO) glyphosate-resistant crops that can grow well in the presence of this chemical in soil.

Recent studies have discovered glyphosate exposure to be a cause of many chronic health problems. It can enter the body by direct absorption through the skin, by eating foods treated with glyphosate, or by drinking water contaminated with glyphosate. Possible cancers linked to glyphosate exposure include non-Hodgkin lymphoma, renal tubule carcinoma, pancreatic islet-cell adenoma, and skin tumors. Studies have also indicated that glyphosate exposure can cause decrease in the ratio of beneficial to harmful bacteria, as well as diseases like metabolic disorder, diabetes, depression, autism, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease.

High correlations exist between glyphosate usage and numerous chronic illnesses, including autism. Other disease incidences with high correlations include hypertension, stroke, diabetes , obesity, lipoprotein metabolism disorder , Alzheimer’s, senile dementia, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infections, end stage renal disease, acute kidney failure, cancers of the thyroid, liver, bladder, pancreas, kidney, and myeloid leukemia. Correlations are not causations, yet they raise concern over the use of a chemical to which all life on earth appears to be exposed.

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GPL-TOX (Toxic Organic Chemical) Profile

We are constantly exposed to hundreds of toxic chemicals through products like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, packaged foods, household products, and environmental pollution. As our exposure to chemical-laden products and to toxic chemicals in food, air, and water increases, we have seen a dramatic acceleration rate in chronic illnesses like cancer, heart disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, chemical sensitivity, autism spectrum disorders, ADD/AD(H)D, autoimmune disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

GPL-TOX is a toxic non-metal chemical profile that screens for the presence of 172 different toxic chemicals including organophosphate pesticides, phthalates, benzene, xylene, vinyl chloride, pyrethroid insecticides, acrylamide, perchlorate, diphenyl phosphate, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, and more. This profile also includes Tiglyglycine (TG), a marker for mitochondrial disorders resulting from mutations of mitochondrial DNA. These mutations can be caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, infections, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies.

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GPL-TOX and Glyphosate Combo

GPL-TOX screens for 172 different toxins that we are regularly exposed to from pollutants in air, water, food, and environment.

About GPL-TOX:

We are constantly exposed to hundreds of toxic chemicals through products like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, packaged foods, household products, and environmental pollution. As our exposure to chemical-laden products and to toxic chemicals in food, air, and water increases, we have seen a dramatic acceleration rate in chronic illnesses like cancer, heart disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, chemical sensitivity, autism spectrum disorders, ADD/AD(H)D, autoimmune disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

GPL-TOX is a toxic non-metal chemical profile that screens for the presence of 172 different toxic chemicals including organophosphate pesticides, phthalates, benzene, xylene, vinyl chloride, pyrethroid insecticides, acrylamide, perchlorate, diphenyl phosphate, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, and more. This profile also includes Tiglyglycine (TG), a marker for mitochondrial disorders resulting from mutations of mitochondrial DNA. These mutations can be caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, infections, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies.

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Hepatic Detox Profile

Regardless of our efforts to avoid toxic chemicals, we are regularly exposed them in our environment and through our food. The body continually attempts to eliminate chemical toxins through enzymatic processes in the liver. Urinary D-glucaric acid, a byproduct of Phase I detoxification, is an indicator of chemical exposure to over 200 chemicals. Urinary mercapturic acids are excreted end products of Phase II detoxification. Together, assessment of these two analytes provides valuable information about exposure to xenobiotics and the ability of the liver to eliminate toxins. Also, the ratio of these two by-products of detoxification can tell us if Phase II liver detoxification has the nutrients necessary to process the often more toxic products of Phase I liver detoxification.

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Homocysteine

Homocysteine is an amino acid that plays a role in destroying the lining of your artery walls, promoting the formation of blood clots, and also accelerates the buildup of scar tissue. High levels may increase the chance of heart disease and stroke, especially if you have other risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, or family history.

When used in conjunction with methylmalonic acid (MMA), these tests are useful to diagnose and monitor vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folic acid deficiency and are often useful in evaluating macrocytosis (an elevated MCV, an erythrocytic index).

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Lipid Profile (Lipid Panel)

This is a group of simple blood tests that reveal important information about the types, amount and distribution of the various types of fats (lipids) in the bloodstream.

Total cholesterol: This is the total amount of cholesterol in your blood.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: This is referred to as “bad” cholesterol, and too much of it can lead to heart attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: This is referred to as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from your blood.
Triglycerides: When you eat, your body converts the calories it doesn’t need into triglycerides, which are stored in your fat cells.

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17-Hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-Ketosteroids, 24-hour urine

17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) is a product formed when the liver and other body tissues break down the steroid hormone, cortisol.

This test can help determine if the body is producing too much of the hormone, cortisol. The test may be used to diagnose Cushing syndrome. This is a disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of cortisol.

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17-Hydroxyprogesterone, LC/MS/MS

17-hydroxyprogesterone is elevated in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH is a group of autosomal recessive diseases characterized by a deficiency of cortisol and an excess of ACTH concentration. 17-hydroxyprogesterone is also useful in monitoring cortisol replacement therapy and in evaluating infertility and adrenal and ovarian neoplasms.

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Adrenal Function Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of adrenal function and includes 4 cortisol levels timed throughout the day as well as DHEA. Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include:

• Fatigue
• Nervousness
• Weakness
• Sugar cravings
• Insomnia
• Dizzy spells
• Headaches
• Decreased stamina
• Irritability
• Fibromyalgia
• Anxiety/Depression

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Adrenal Stress 24 Hr-Sabre Science Kit

The six-point cortisol and DHEA results provide the ability to find problems with the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called “supradrenal”) glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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Adrenal Stress Panel-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva testing for DHEA and diurnal cortisol levels at 4 time points during the day is a comprehensive test that can assess full adrenal function. By reviewing test results, your healthcare provider can:

• Identify adrenal imbalances caused by too much or too little hormone
• Match tested hormone levels with your symptoms to help individualize a treatment plan
• Retest to monitor and adjust treatment as needed
• Track progress with follow-up test reports

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Adrenocortex Stress Profile-Genova Kit

The Adrenocortex Stress Profile (ASP) provides an assessment of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis using carefully timed salivary samples of the hormones cortisol and DHEA. Salivary testing is an easy, non-invasive option to measure unbound, biologically active parent hormone levels.

The Adrenocortex Stress Profile is a convenient, noninvasive salivary assay that evaluates the bioactive levels and interrelationship of the body’s important stress hormones, cortisol and DHEA. This profile serves as an insightful tool for uncovering biochemical imbalances that can be associated with anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, obesity, dysglycemia, and a host of other clinical conditions.

There is no ideal specimen type for measuring hormones since there are advantages to each, depending on clinical goals. In the case of stress hormones, the majority of circulating hormones are bound to proteins and are biologically inert. Salivary testing assesses unbound, biologically-active levels of Cortisol and DHEA.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Plasma

The key function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenals to release cortisol, a key factor in many functions in the body’s metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and protein as well as blood pressure. ACTH levels in the blood are measured to help detect, diagnose, and monitor conditions associated with excessive or deficient cortisol in the body. Determination of ACTH is useful in differentiating between primary and secondary adrenocortical hypo- and hyperfunctional disorders: Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal carcinoma, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and adrenal nodular hyperplasia.

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Aldosterone, 24-Hour Urine

Aldosterone, an adrenal cortex hormone, is the major regulator of sodium and potassium excretion. Production is modulated largely by the renin-angiotensin system in response to changes in sodium balance and renal blood flow. Urine aldosterone excretion is commonly increased in secondary (high renin) states of heart failure or liver or renal disease. In primary hyperaldosteronism due to autonomous adrenal secretion, urine aldosterone is increased and plasma renin is suppressed. Aldosterone excretion is reduced in Addison disease and in hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism caused by renal disorders. The major urinary aldosterone metabolite is aldosterone-18 glucuronide. Measurement of aldosterone in urine, corrected for creatinine, provides an estimate of secretion rate over a 24-hour period.

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Aldosterone, Serum, LC/MS/MS

Aldosterone is a hormone that plays an important role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in blood and in controlling blood volume and blood pressure. An Aldosterone test is used to help identify fluid and electrolyte disorders, high blood pressure that is hard to control or occurs at a young age, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure caused by standing up), overproduction of aldosterone, and adrenal insufficiency (underactive adrenal glands). High levels are called hyperaldosteronism which can increase blood sodium and lower blood potassium. Low levels are called hypoaldosteronism which can cause low blood pressure, dehydration, low sodium levels, and low potassium levels. Approximately 1-2% of individuals with primary hypertension have primary hyperaldosteronism characterized by hypokalemia (low potassium) and low direct renin.

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Aldosterone/Plasma Renin Activity Ratio

Aldosterone and Renin tests evaluate whether the adrenal glands are producing enough amounts of aldosterone and to differentiate between the likely causes of excess or deficiency.

Both aldosterone and renin levels are highest in the morning and vary throughout the day. They are affected by the body’s position, by stress, and by a variety of prescribed medications.

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Androstenedione, LC/MS/MS

Androstenedione is useful when evaluating patients with androgen excess and managing patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Androstenedione is a steroid that produces masculine characteristics and is produced by the testes, adrenal cortex and ovaries. This test may also be used when anabolic steroid abuse is suspected.

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Catecholamines, Fractionated, 24-Hour Urine without Creatinine

Catecholamines are neurotransmitters and include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These proteins help control a variety of functions, including:

• muscle tone
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• glucose (sugar) metabolism

Catecholamines are primarily produced in your adrenal glands. Levels fluctuate in response to physical/emotional stress, outside temperature, blood loss, exercise, low blood sugar, and going from seated to standing, or vice versa

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Catecholamines, Fractionated, Random Urine

Creatinine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, and Total Catecholamines (calculated).

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Comprehensive Hormone Profile-Labrix Kit

The Comprehensive Hormone Panel is the starting point for initial assessment of hormonal status and endocrine function and includes estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone, DHEA and four cortisols. This panel is useful with male and female patients because it looks at the full diurnal cortisol pattern; it is especially important in patients who are experiencing the following symptoms in addition to the symptoms listed for the Basic Hormone Panel:

• Weight gain
• Multiple chemical sensitivity
• High blood sugar
• Elevated lipids (cholesterol and/or triglycerides)
• Insomnia
• Chronic fatigue
• Fibromyalgia

Estrogens: There are three forms made by the body: estrone, estradiol and estriol. The form used in past hormone replacement therapies is estradiol, often in the form of concentrated pregnant mare’s urine (premarin). It is a proliferative (causes growth) hormone that grows the lining of the uterus. It is also a known cancer-causing hormone: breast and endometrial (uterine) in women and prostate gland in men. It will treat menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, insomnia and memory-loss. With the bio-identical formulas estriol is matched with estradiol (biest) to provide protective effects and additional estrogenic benefits. The other major protector in keeping estradiol from running amok is progesterone. Estrone and estriol are also useful hormones to test.

Progesterone: Called the anti-estrogen because it balances estradiol’s proliferative effects. It is considered preventive for breast and prostate cancers as well as osteoporosis. In addition, too little progesterone promotes depression, irritability, increased inflammation, irregular menses, breast tenderness, urinary frequency and prostate gland enlargement (BPH).

Testosterone: An anabolic hormone (builds tissue) that is essential for men and women. The proper level of testosterone is necessary for bone health, muscle strength, stamina, sex drive and performance, heart function and mental focus.

DHEA: An important adrenal gland hormone, which is essential for energy production and blood sugar balance. DHEA is a precursor to other hormones, mainly testosterone.

Cortisol: Your waking day hormone (highest in the morning and lowest at night). It is necessary for energy production, blood sugar metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and stress response.

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Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) Add-on only-Labrix Kit

CAR is the natural rise in cortisol that is seen 30 to 40 minutes after awakening followed by a noticeable drop by 60 minutes. CAR is influenced by overall HPA reactivity, as well as a person’s anticipation of stress.

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Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR)-Labrix Kit

Influenced by overall HPA reactivity and a person’s anticipation of stress.

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Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR)-Precision Analytical, Inc. Kit

Upon waking, cortisol levels naturally begin to rise by an average of 50%. 30 minutes after waking, cortisol levels will still show this sharp increase. By 60 minutes after waking, cortisol levels have peaked and begin to decline. Measuring this rise and fall of cortisol levels at waking can be used as a “mini stress test”. Research shows that the size of this increase correlates with HPA-axis function, even if the sample measurements are all within range. A quick saturation of saliva swabs upon waking, and at 30 and 60 minutes after waking, provide what is required to assess a client’s Cortisol Awakening Response.

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Cortisol Plus-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva cortisol levels at 2 time points during the day is a test that can assess adrenal function.

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Cortisol, AM

Cortisol is also known as the “stress hormone” because of its connection to the stress response, however, it’s much more than just a hormone released during stress. Cortisol can help control glucose levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on the body’s salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure. In women, cortisol also supports the developing fetus during pregnancy. Heat, cold, infection, trauma, stress, exercise, obesity, and debilitating disease can influence cortisol levels. The hormone is secreted in a daily pattern rising in the early morning, peaking around 8 am, and declining in the evening. This pattern, which is sometimes called the “diurnal variation” or “circadian rhythm” changes if you work irregular shifts (such as the night shift) and sleep at different times of the day.

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Cortisol, Free and Cortisone, 24 Hr with Creatinine

Urinary free cortisol is useful in the detection of patients with Cushing’s syndrome for whom free cortisol concentrations are elevated.

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Cortisol, Free and Total, LC/MS

Useful in detection of patients w/Cushing’s syndrome for whom free cortisol is high.

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Cortisol, Free, 24-Hour Urine

Screen test for Cushing’s Syndrome and to rule out Addison’s Disease.

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Cortisol, PM

To detect excess or deficient cortisol production.

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Cortisol, total

In addition to being called as “the stress hormone”, cortisol helps in proper glucose metabolism, converting sugars into energy. High cortisol levels in men have been associated with hyperglycemia, weight gain, compromised immune function and high blood pressure. Cortisol imbalance is known to result in conditions like irritability, fatigue, depression, foggy thinking, weight gain and bone loss. Stress reducing activities including meditation and breathing exercise have been recommended to relieve stress levels and avoid premature aging.

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Cortisol-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Cortisol x1.

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DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone), Unconjugated, LC/MS/MS

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a master, or parent, hormone that your body changes into a hormone called androstenedione. Your body then converts androstenedione into the major female and male hormones. The levels of this steroid increase before the onset of puberty and decrease significantly with age. It is the most abundant steroid in the bloodstream and is present at even higher levels in brain tissue. Your body produces DHEA primarily in the morning hours, and your kidneys secrete it quickly. DHEAs, however, remains in your body much longer.

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DHEA,s (Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate) Hormone

DHEA-S is the child hormone of DHEA and serves as a building block for making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone estrogen. Your body produces DHEA primarily in the morning hours, and your kidneys secrete this DHEA quickly. DHEA-S, however, remains in your body much longer.

DHEA-s concentrations peak after puberty and then the levels tend to decline with age. Adrenal tumors, cancers, and adrenal hyperplasia can lead to the overproduction of DHEA-s. The rate of secretion of DHEA-S into the bloodstream is only slightly more than the rate observed for DHEA.

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DHEA-S-Ayumetrix Kit

DHEA is produced by the adrenal glands and is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogens. DHEA is also a neurohormone as small quantities are produced in the brain. It has a broad spectrum of benefits including improved energy, mood, memory, increased testosterone levels, enhanced libido and immune function. In men, low DHEA levels can cause low libido, reduced muscle mass and strength, depression fatigue and compromised immune function. In woman, DHEA is known to balance other hormones like estrogens, progesterone and testosterone. Low DHEA levels can cause weight gain, depression fatigue and low libido.

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Diurnal Cortisol Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of adrenal function and includes 4 cortisol levels timed throughout the day. Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include:

• Fatigue
• Nervousness
• Weakness
• Sugar cravings
• Insomnia
• Dizzy spells
• Headaches
• Decreased stamina
• Irritability
• Fibromyalgia
• Anxiety/Depression

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Diurnal Cortisol-Ayumetrix Kit

Saliva: Cortisol x4.

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DUTCH Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

This test combines the pattern of free cortisol throughout the day with the metabolites of cortisol (as well as DHEAS).

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DUTCH Complete-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

The most comprehensive analysis of sex and adrenal hormones. This profile includes the DUTCH Adrenal and Sex Hormone Metabolite as well as an overnight melatonin measurement.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping + Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

DUTCH Cycle Mapping+Adrenal-Precision Analytical Inc Kit.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping + DUTCH Complete-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

Estrogen and Progesterone throughout menstrual cycle + Comprehensive Cortisol test + Sex Hormone Metabolites + Melatonin.

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DUTCH Cycle Mapping™-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

Estrogen and Progesterone throughout menstrual cycle.

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DUTCH Plus™ (Complete + CAR)-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

The DUTCH Plus™ takes hormone testing to a whole new level. In addition to sex hormones and their metabolites, the DUTCH Complete™ looks at the overall diurnal pattern of free cortisol, and the total and distribution of cortisol metabolites. The DUTCH Plus™ adds the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) to bring another important piece of the HPA axis into focus. The client collection is 4 easy-to-collect dried urine samples collected on filter paper devices and five saliva samples.

Analytes Included: Metabolites of Estrogens (8, including E1, E2, E3, 2-OHE1, 4-OH-E1, 16-OH-E1, 2-methoxy-E1), Androgen (8, including Testosterone, DHT and DHEA-S), Progesterone (2), Cortisol (3), and Melatonin (6OHMS) and 8-OHdG. The diurnal pattern of Free Cortisol and Cortisone are also provided, including the Cortisol Awakening Response.

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DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolites-Precision Analytical Inc. Kit

A comprehensive analysis of estrogen, androgen and progesterone metabolites. The DUTCH Sex Hormone Metabolites is the ultimate test for HRT monitoring and great for baseline measurements as well. It is a unique method for more accurate vaginal hormone and oral progesterone monitoring. This test is run on GC-MS/MS.

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NeuroAdrenal Profile-Labrix Kit

This panel provides a comprehensive view of HPA axis function. Included is a full diurnal cortisol pattern, DHEA, and 6 primary neurotransmitters (inhibitory and excitatory). Symptoms that would indicate ordering this panel include those shown for the Adrenal Function panel plus:

• Mood disorders, depression, anxiety
• Addiction, dependency
• Chronic illness, immune deficiency
• Low libido, sexual dysfunction

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Nasal Swab Kit

MARCoNS – An Overview

MARCoNS (Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci) is an antibiotic resistant staph that resides deep in the nasal passage of 80% of people with low MSH (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone), those suffering from Biotoxin Illness and other chronic inflammatory illnesses CIRS (Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) and CFIDS (Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome). This percentage increases when the person has also been treated with antibiotics for a month or more. Once they have taken up residence, MARCoNS will further lower MSH (MARCoNS make hemolysin that cleave MSH rendering it inactive), increases cytokines, and lower T-reg cells resulting in Chronic Fatigue symptoms of body aches and debilitating exhaustion. MARCoNS is not an infection but a commensal colonization that can become an infection. These bacteria send chemicals into the blood (exotoxins A and B) that increase inflammation and by cleaving MSH causes a further decrease of MSH levels, which in turn creates more inflammation. MARCoNS live in the deep nasal passages and is common in all biotoxin illness.

MARCoNS is not commonly found in the deep sinuses of normal individuals with intact immune systems. MARCoNS is found in many patients with mold exposure, chronic lyme disease and biotoxin illnesses.

As MSH is further lowered by MARCoNS, fatigue and chronic pain due to reduced endorphins and increased cytokines will ensue. In addition, hormone imbalances, mood swings, leaky gut, alternating constipation and diarrhea, lower melatonin (poor sleep), and low ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) are all the result of low MSH. When MSH falls too low, the body initially raises ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) and Cortisol in response to the increased stress thereby keeping the person functional.

However, over time, the body loses the ability to compensate resulting in ACTH and Cortisol values that fall below normal levels and adrenal fatigue sets in. Related to ADH, an imbalance between lowered ADH and Plasma Osmolality (a measure of body hydration) results in the person being unable to hold water (frequent urination), and may lead to frequent static shocks due to the higher than normal salt levels on the skin, along with lower back pain, fungal overgrowth, depression, allergies, obesity and other symptoms associated with chronic dehydration. The Inflammatory markers C4A and TGF-beta 1 are typically quite high in people with biotoxin illness, also called CIRS.

MSH protects the mucous membranes in the nose from colonization of MARCoNS. Fungal exposure, chronic lyme disease and biotoxin illnesses deplete MSH, therefore leading to colonization of these bacteria. Staph Coagulase Negative becomes multiple antibiotic resistant due to the formation of a biofilm which protects the bacteria from the penetration of the antibiotics.

In summary, reduced MSH is a co-factor which can lead to MARCoNS becoming a nasal staph infection. MARCoNS activates inflammation and produces biofilm and biotoxins. HLA-DR genetic testing should be performed to see if there is an immune defect in excreting the lyme, bacterial or mold toxins.

Reference: www.survivingmold.com

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Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by fat cells that regulate the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Adiponectin influences the body’s response to insulin. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory effects on the cells lining the walls of blood vessels.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), 24 Hour Urine (Without Creatinine)

An early indicator of kidney failure. It measures the tiny amounts of albumin that the body begins to release into the urine several years before significant kidney damage becomes apparent. Albumin is a protein that is produced in the liver. It is present in high concentrations in the blood, but when the kidneys are functioning properly, virtually no albumin is allowed to leak through into the urine. If a person’s kidneys become damaged or diseased, however, they begin to lose their ability to filter proteins out of the urine. This is frequently seen in chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, with increasing amounts of protein in the urine reflecting increasing kidney failure.

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AgingSOS™

AgingSOS™ is a blood test that targets your aging and empowers you to make decisions that most benefit your health.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), Random Urine (Without Creatinine)

To screen for possible kidney disease/damage.

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Albumin (Microalbumin), Random Urine With Creatinine

The body excretes creatinine at a steady rate, so comparing the ratio of albumin with creatinine in the same urine specimen helps determine if the body is excreting albumin at an increased rate. In most healthy people, the kidneys prevent albumin and other proteins from entering the urine. However, if kidneys are damaged they start to allow albumin to pass from the blood into the urine.

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Albumin, Serum

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is one of the most abundant proteins in your blood. You need a proper balance of albumin to keep fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. It also carries vital nutrients and hormones, and provides your body with the proteins it needs to maintain growth and repair tissue. Abnormal albumin levels may indicate that your kidneys or liver isn’t working correctly and also determine the status of certain medical conditions, including chronic pancreatitis or kidney disease. There may be a loss of albumin in the gastrointestinal tract, in the urine secondary to renal damage or direct loss of albumin through the skin. More than 50% of patients with gluten enteropathy have depressed albumin. The only cause of increased albumin is dehydration; there is no naturally occurring hyperalbuminemia.

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Amino Acid Analysis, LC/MS, Plasma

Amino acids serve many functions including as building blocks for proteins, neurotransmitters, precursors to hormones, and enzyme co-factors. More than 70 disorders of amino acid metabolism have been described. The clinical manifestations of these disorders are diverse.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Plasma-Genova Kit

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma measures levels of key amino acids in blood. Amino acid metabolism may be compromised by common lifestyle and dietary factors, which may result in inadequate levels of amino acids. Plasma amino acid analysis is favored in conditions where the supply of amino acids and precursors is critical, such as in mood and neurobehavioral disorders.

The complete Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma analyzes over 40 analytes and includes:

• Plasma Amino Acid Analysis
• Nutritionally Essential Amino Acids
• Nonessential Protein Amino Acids
• Intermediary Metabolites
• Dietary Peptide Related Markers

The Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma report configuration provides for easy interpretation and clinically actionable results and includes:

A handy Suggested Supplement Schedule allowing for personalized recommendations based on test results, an Interpretation-At-A-Glance page that provides facts on nutrient function, causes and complications of their deficiencies, as well as dietary sources.

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Amino Acids Analysis, Urine FMV-Genova Kit

The Amino Acids Analysis nutritional test helps to identify metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. Specifically, this nutritional test evaluates dietary protein adequacy and assimilation, as well as metabolic imbalances underlying many chronic disorders. With the precise results and comprehensive commentary provided, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic impairments, and amino acid transport disorders can be accurately identified and corrected.

Amino acids comprise the building blocks of all of the body’s structural tissues and hormones. All of these compounds utilize, or derive from, the essential amino acids provided by the diet. Determination of the adequacy of amino acids, proper balance between them, and conversion capability are of paramount importance in preventing illness and getting to the root of many chronic disorders.

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Amino Acids, 20 plasma-Genova Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function.

Collecting a fasting plasma specimen from a client removes recent dietary intake effects. The following factors can reflect changes over time in plasma: Chronic dietary intake, Digestive efficiency, Liver uptake, and Skeletal muscle’s ability to maintain formation of amino acids.

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Amylase, Serum

Amylase helps in the digestion of starches. The major sources of amylase are the pancreas and the salivary glands. The most common cause of elevation of serum amylase is inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). In acute pancreatitis, serum amylase begins to rise within 6-24 hours, remains elevated for a few days and returns to normal in 3-7 days. Other causes of elevated serum amylase are inflammation of salivary glands (mumps), biliary tract disease and bowel obstruction. Elevated serum amylase can also be seen with drugs (e.g., morphine) which constrict the pancreatic duct sphincter preventing excretion of amylase into the intestine.

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Cardio IQ® Insulin Resistance Panel w/score

The determination of insulin in serum is primarily used for the diagnosis of glycemic disorders in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients in the assessment of insulin resistant syndromes. Insulin is synthesized by the pancreatic beta cell as a precursor, proinsulin. Proinsulin is processed to insulin and C-peptide, a contiguous peptide between the insulin A and B chains, as it passes through the cell. The C-peptide in the proinsulin ensures correct folding and processing of proinsulin as it passes through the cell. Both insulin and C-peptide are released together from the beta cells in response to increased glucose levels. Because of differences in half-life and hepatic clearance, peripheral blood levels of C-peptide and insulin are no longer equimolar but remain highly correlated. A steady-state plasma glucose test in individuals undergoing an insulin suppression test to assess insulin resistance found that the combination of insulin and C-peptide was a better indicator of insulin resistance than either one individually.

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Cardio IQ® Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, LC/MS/MS

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Measurement of serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations provide a good index of circulating vitamin D activity in patients not suffering from renal disease. Lower than normal 25-OH vitamin D levels can result from a dietary deficiency, poor absorption of the vitamin or impaired metabolism of the sterol in the liver. A 25-OH vitamin D deficiency can lead to bone diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia. Above normal levels can lead to hypercalcemia.

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CardioPlus + Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) with eAG

CardioPlus and Hemoglobin A1c.

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Cellular NAD

Measure NAD levels inside your red blood cells to see if you should change your supplementation and lifestyle strategies.

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Circulating NAD

Our NAD assay measures total NAD + NADH in serum. It gives you a snapshot of your NAD levels which we use to compare against our data to help guide your lifestyle and optimize your NAD levels.

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Chloride, Random Urine without Creatinine

Urine chloride excretion approximates the dietary intake. The chloride content of most foods parallel that of sodium. An increase in urine chloride may result from water deficient dehydration, diabetic acidosis, Addison’s disease, and salt-losing renal disease. Decreased urine levels are seen in congestive heart failure, severe diaphoresis and in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis due to prolonged vomiting.

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Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP-14)

A broad screening test used to evaluate organ function and electrolyte balance as well as aid in the diagnosis of conditions such as diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease. This test is also useful for people receiving treatment for conditions which affect the liver or kidneys.

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Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP) + Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) with eAG

CWP and Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c).

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Copeptin

The Copeptin test is used in the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus and in the differential diagnosis of central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. It is a reliable surrogate marker for arginine vasopressin (AVP).

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C-Peptide, Serum

C-Peptide can be used to monitor insulin production in the body, blood sugar disorders, and the activity of tumors that secrete insulin. It can also help determine if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Type 1 = your body doesn’t make insulin. Type 2 = either your body doesn’t make enough insulin or your cells ignore it). If you have diabetes, the C-peptide test can show how well your treatment is working.

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Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine.

The creatinine clearance test compares the creatinine level in a 24-hour urine sample with the creatinine level in your blood. This measures kidney function and helps estimate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the amount of blood cleaned by tiny kidney filters called glomeruli each minute.

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Creatinine, Serum

Creatinine is a waste product from normal muscle use and meat protein in your diet. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the blood and then passes it out of your body through urine. This test is used to determine if your kidneys are functioning normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease. High levels could be caused by kidney disease, a blockage in your urinary system, muscle disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, dehydration, overactive thyroid gland, or shock. Low levels could be caused by muscle loss, severe liver disease, or not enough protein in your diet.

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Cystatin C with Glomerular Filtration Rate, Estimated (eGFR)

Your body makes cystatin C constantly, and the protein is found in different fluids, including blood, spinal fluid, and breast milk. When your kidneys are healthy, they filter cystatin C out of the blood so it can be excreted in your urine.

Cystatin C may be used as an alternative to creatinine and creatinine clearance to screen for and monitor kidney dysfunction in those with known or suspected kidney disease. It may be especially useful in those cases where creatinine measurement is not appropriate, for instance, in those who have liver cirrhosis, are very obese, are malnourished, or have reduced muscle mass. Higher levels of cystatin C may also be caused by diabetes, cancer, HIV, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.

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Diabetes Package

CMP and Hemoglobin A1c.

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Fructosamine

Reflects average glucose levels over a 2 to 3 week time period.
If someone’s fructosamine is increased, then their average glucose over the previous 2 to 3 weeks has been elevated. In general, the higher the fructosamine concentration, the higher the average blood glucose level. High levels of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and hyperthyroidism can interfere with test results.

Both fructosamine and A1C tests are used primarily as monitoring tools to help people with diabetes control their blood sugar. However, the A1C test is much more popular and much more widely accepted because there are firm data that a chronically elevated A1c level predicts an increased risk for certain diabetic complications, such as retinopathy (possibly leading to blindness), nephropathy (possibly leading to kidney failure), and neuropathy (e.g., problems with the nerves). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recognizes both tests and states that fructosamine may be useful in situations where A1C cannot be reliably measured.

Instances where fructosamine may be a better monitoring choice than A1C include:

Rapid changes in diabetes treatment – Fructosamine allows the effectiveness of diet or medication adjustments to be evaluated after a few weeks rather than months.

Diabetic pregnancy – In diabetic women who are pregnant, good glycemic control is essential during pregnancy, and the needs of the mother frequently change during gestation; fructosamine measurements may be ordered along with glucose levels to help monitor and accommodate shifting glucose, insulin, or other medication requirements.

Shortened RBC life span – An A1C test will not be accurate when a person has a condition that affects the average life span of red blood cells (RBCs), such as hemolytic anemia or blood loss. If the RBCs don’t live as long as normal in the circulation, the A1c result will be falsely lowered and will be an unreliable measurement of a person’s average glucose.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin – The presence of some hemoglobin variants (such as sickle hemoglobin) may affect certain methods for measuring A1c. In these cases, fructosamine can be used to monitor glucose control.

Since the fructosamine concentrations of people with well-controlled diabetes may overlap with those of people who are not diabetic, the fructosamine test is not useful as a screening test for diabetes.

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GAD65, IA-2, and Insulin Autoantibody

Diabetes Antibody Panel.

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Glucagon

Glucagon helps your liver break down the food you eat to make glucose. Glucagon works with your liver to turn a type of stored sugar called glycogen into glucose. Glucose goes from your liver into your blood to give you energy. Glucagon can tell your liver not to take in too much glucose from the food you eat and to release stored sugar into your blood instead. This can keep your glucose levels steady.
If your blood sugar dips too low, your pancreas releases glucagon to tell your liver to make more glucose.

Glucagon measurement is useful primarily when considering a glucagon-secreting tumor of the pancreas. Glucagon is also used to diagnose glucagon deficiency in patients with hypoglycemia.

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Glucose, Plasma

Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells and the only energy source for the brain and nervous system. This test may be used to screen for both high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and low blood glucose (hypoglycemia), help diagnose diabetes, and to monitor glucose levels in persons with diabetes. Serum glucose has been found to be 2-5% higher than plasma glucose.

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Glucose, Serum

To measure the amount of glucose in the blood at the time of sample collection.

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Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65)Antibody

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) is an enzyme that is produced primarily by pancreatic islet cells. This is one of the most commonly detected autoantibodies in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics (about 70-80%). Generally used to confirm type 1 diabetes and ruling out type 2 diabetes.

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Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

GGT is an enzyme found in many organs such as the kidney, spleen, and pancreas. However, the main source of GGT is the liver. GGT is used to help detect liver disease and bile duct obstructions. Elevated GGT levels may be caused by liver disease, congestive heart failure, alcohol consumption and/or other conditions. While increased levels may indicate that the liver is being damaged, it does not specifically point to what may be causing the injury.

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Glycohemoglobin (GHb), Total

A useful test to reassure the client who is well controlled, and to assess the status of insufficiently controlled patients. Measurement of glycated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography permits better differentiation of the degree of blood glucose control among diabetics than does hemoglobin A1c or hemoglobin A1 measurements.

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GlycoMark®

FDA-approved blood test for monitoring the effectiveness of therapeutics targeting postprandial glucose (PPG). GlycoMark® monitors mealtime spikes over 2 day to 2 weeks and provides a more rapid and sensitive response to hyperglycemia than A1c.

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Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) With eAG

This non-fasting test, also known as A1c, HbA1c, or Glycated hemoglobin, indicates how well you have controlled your diabetes over the last few months. Even though you may have some very high or very low blood glucose values, Hemoglobin A1C will give you a picture of the average amount of glucose in your blood over that time period. While the Hemoglobin A1C is the standard tool to determine blood sugar control for patients with diabetes, it is not a substitute for daily, routine blood glucose testing.

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Hemoglobin A1c-Ayumetrix Kit

Hemoglobin A1C is a form of hemoglobin (a blood pigment that carries oxygen) that is bound to glucose. Blood HbA1c levels are reflective of how well diabetes is controlled. The normal range for level for hemoglobin A1c is less than 6%. HbA1c levels are reflective of blood glucose levels over the past six to eight weeks and do not reflect daily ups and downs of blood glucose. High HbA1c levels indicate poorer control of diabetes than levels in the normal range.

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Insulin

Insulin is the hormone that enables cells to take in glucose. Without insulin, glucose can’t get into the cells and it stays in the bloodstream. With too little insulin, blood sugar remains higher than normal (a condition known as hyperglycemia) and cells can’t get the energy they need. With too much insulin, blood sugar decreases (hypoglycemia), causing symptoms such as sweating, trembling, lightheadedness, and in extreme cases, shock.

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Kidney Profile, Extended

CMP, CBC, Lipid Panel, PTH Intact and Urinalysis.

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Lactate/Pyruvate

The blood lactate to pyruvate (L:P) ratio is used to distinguish between pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency and other causes of congenital lactic acidosis. Congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) is a rare disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that affect the ability of cells to use energy and cause too much lactic acid to build up in the body, a condition called lactic acidosis.

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Lipid Profile + Glucose, Serum

Lipid Profile and Glucose.

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Magnesium, RBC

Magnesium is a mineral that is important for strong bones & muscles, heart health, energy production, and nerve function. Magnesium levels are typically checked to evaluate kidney function, aid in the diagnosis of certain gastrointestinal disorders, or determine the severity of uncontrolled diabetes. Magnesium deficiency can be associated with malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and alcoholism.

A Magnesium RBC test can provide an earlier indicator of Magnesium deficiency than a standard Magnesium blood test. When levels are low, the body will pull Magnesium from the cells to keep blood levels normal. In this case a Magnesium blood test may show normal levels while a Magnesium RBC test will give a more accurate result.

This test is typically ordered when someone is experiencing symptoms associated with Magnesium deficiency such as weakness or cramping in the muscles, confusion, seizures, or cardiac arrhythmia’s. Magnesium levels are typically checked when someone has a disorder which affects the kidneys. It may also be ordered to monitor people who are taking Magnesium supplements.

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Magnesium, Serum

This mineral is particularly important to nerves and muscles. Low magnesium is found in malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, and more. High magnesium is seen in kidney failure.

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Protein, Total, 24-Hour Urine without Creatinine

Helps evaluate and monitor kidney function, and to detect kidney damage.

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NAD and SA-β-gal dual test

This test measures NAD and SA-β-gal levels. Low NAD and high SA-β-gal are signs of aging. Measuring and maintaining optimal levels of these two biomarkers may increase healthspan.

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Protein, Total, Random Urine with Creatinine

Used to help detect and diagnose early kidney damage and disease.

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Protein, Total, Serum

Proteins are important building blocks of all cells and tissues; they are important for body growth, development, and health. They form the structural part of most organs and make up enzymes and hormones that regulate body functions. Total protein measurements can reflect nutritional status and may be used to screen for and help diagnose kidney disease, liver disease, and many other conditions.

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QuestAssureD™ 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (D2, D3)-March Test Of The Month

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Renal Function Panel (Kidney)

Routine blood tests are especially important for early detection of kidney disorders. They detect blood or protein and abnormal chemical levels in the blood, which are early signs of kidney disorder and failure.

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Sodium, 24-Hour Urine Without Creatinine

One of the major salts in the body fluid, sodium is important in the body’s water balance and the electrical activity of nerves and muscles.

The excretion of sodium varies with dietary intake. There is a diurnal variation of sodium excretion with excretion being greater during daytime than during the night. Decreased levels are seen in congestive heart failure, excessive sweating, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, malabsorption and primary aldosteronism. Increased levels may be due to increased salt intake, failure of the adrenal glands, diabetic acidosis, salt losing renal disease, diuretic therapy and water deprivation dehydration.

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SA-β-gal

Our senescence assay measures total SA-beta-galactosidase in serum. SA-beta-gal is an enzyme expressed by senescent cells. It gives you a snapshot of senescence in the body, which we use to compare against our data to help guide your lifestyle and reduce the senescent cells in your body.

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Sodium, Random Urine without Creatinine

The excretion of sodium varies with dietary intake. There is a diurnal variation of sodium excretion with excretion being greater during daytime than during the night. Decreased levels are seen in congestive heart failure, excessive sweating, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, malabsorption and primary aldosteronism. Increased levels may be due to increased salt intake, failure of the adrenal glands, diabetic acidosis, salt losing renal disease and water deficient dehydration.

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TAC and ROM dual test

Measure your oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity.

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Telomere Length Test (Add-On Only)-Cell Science Systems Kit

According to scientific research, telomere shortening may contribute to aging and age-related conditions. Telomeres are segments of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes. They can be prematurely shortened when exposed to environmental chemicals, oxidation, inflammation, and stress. This leads to DNA damage and contributes to early cell death.

Shorter telomeres have been associated with cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cognitive decline, and other chronic degenerative conditions associated with aging.

Inflammation is associated with aging and telomere shortening. Telomeres become shorter after each cell division until eventually chromosomal DNA reaches a critical point at which the cell can no longer divide (known as the Hayflick limit). The loss of this protective telomere “armor” renders DNA vulnerable to damage and may result in an individual’s increased risk for accelerated aging and associated health conditions. If telomeres are maintained, then termination of cell division (senescence) and programmed cell death (apoptosis) can be delayed.

The test analyzes your average telomere length in white blood cells compared to the normal reference range for your age-matched population.

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Telomere Length Test-Cell Science Systems Kit

Analyzes your average telomere length in white blood cells.

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Urea Nitrogen, Serum (BUN)

Used to monitor kidney function in patients with chronic diseases or conditions such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction (heart attack). It is also used to monitor the effectiveness of dialysis.

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Urinalysis, Complete with Microscopic Examination

This panel is useful in the evaluation of conditions such as urinary tract infection, dehydration, and kidney stones. Dipstick urinalysis is important in accessing the chemical constituents in the urine and the relationship to various disease states. Microscopic examination helps to detect the presence of cells and other formed elements.

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Urine Amino Acids-Doctor’s Data Kit

Amino acids, known as the “building blocks” of proteins, are found in every tissue of the body. They play a major role in nearly every chemical process that affects both physical and mental function. Healthy kidneys efficiently conserve crucial amino acids. Many individuals have “hidden” impairments in amino acid metabolism that are problematic and often go undiagnosed.

Amino acid analysis provides fundamental information about nutrient adequacy, including the quality and quantity of dietary protein, digestive disorders, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies—particularly folic acid, B12, B6 metabolism, zinc and magnesium. In addition, amino acid analysis provides important information about hepatic and renal function, availability of precursors of neurotransmitters, detoxification capacity, susceptibility to occlusive arterial disease (homocysteine), and many inherent disorders in amino acid metabolism.

The urine amino acid analysis has the highest probability of detecting abnormalities if kidney function is normal. The 24-hour test indicates what is high and low over the course of a day, reflects blood and tissue amino acid pools, and is not affected by the 24-hour rhythm. Therefore, urine levels of amino acids decrease first and tend to give an earlier indication of inadequacy than do plasma levels.

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Viscosity, Serum

High serum viscosity may be most commonly observed in patients with Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma. Patients with high viscosity may have capillary occlusion, stasis hypoxia, and acidosis.

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Vitamin D (25 OH D2 & D3) Bloodspot-Doctor’s Data Kit

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, known for its role in bone health and calcium absorption, also appears to affect immune function, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular issues, and other conditions. Vitamin D occurs in two forms—D3 is obtained from animal diet sources and through sun exposure, and D2 is obtained through vegetable diet sources. Both forms of the vitamin are used to fortify various foods and in supplements. Doctor’s Data uses the gold standard LC/MS QQQ method to measure Vitamin D2, D3 and total Vitamin D.

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Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy, LC/MS/MS (Calcitriol)

1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol) is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone. Levels may be high in primary hyperparathyroidism and may be decreased in hypoparathyroidism and chronic renal failure.

This test measures the bioactive form of vitamin D. It is used in the differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia and to monitor patients with renal osteodystrophy or chronic renal failure. This test is not suitable for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and monitoring supplementation in most patients. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D test is the recommended test for those purposes.

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Vitamin D, 25 Hydroxy

Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. Ten to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body’s requirement of vitamin D. Needed for strong bones and teeth, Vitamin D helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. It also has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation. There are associations between low Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular disease, certain cancers, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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Vitamin D-Ayumetrix Kit

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin critical to calcium absorption which helps in bone growth, density, and strength. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become brittle or misshapen. Varying levels of vitamin D in the blood are associated with common variants in the following genes: (1) GC (transports vitamin D to organs), (2) NADSYN1/DHCR7 (needed for bioavailability of the vitamin D precursor molecule), and (3) CYP2R1 (helps convert inactive vitamin D to it’s active form). Maintaining adequate levels of Vitamin D has been shown to benefit patients in the maintenance of bone health for osteoporosis treatment, and in the prevention
of fractures.

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Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibody

ZnT8 antibody is the most recently discovered diabetes-related major autoantibody. ZnT8As are detectable in a proportion of patients with adult-onset autoimmune diabetes and seem to be a valuable marker to differentiate clinical phenotypes.

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